A-Level · AQA
History
A-Level · AQA
Study any subtopic of A-Level History AQA (7042) with revision notes, quizzes, flashcards, exam questions and past papers. Everything is mapped straight to the specification so you only cover what you need to know.
Component 1 – Breadth Study
1.1 - Henry Tudor’s Character & Claim to the Throne1.2 - Victory at Bosworth & Power Consolidation, 1485–14871.3 - Establishing the Tudor Dynasty1.4 - Conciliar Government1.5 - Parliament Under Henry VII1.6 - Justice & Law Enforcement1.7 - Royal Finance: Policies & Financial Restoration1.8 - Foreign Policy: Scotland & the Northern Border1.9 - Foreign Policy: Spain, France, Burgundy & Roman Empire1.10 - Nobility, Social Structure & Aristocracy1.11 - Regional Divisions & Governance1.12 - Social Discontent & Rebellions1.13 - Economic Development1.14 - Religion Under Henry VII1.15 - Humanism, Renaissance Ideas & Learning
2.1 - Henry VIII’s Character & Early Years, 1509–15142.2 - Addressing Henry VII’s Legacy2.3 - Cardinal Wolsey & Domestic Policies, 1513–15292.4 - Cardinal Wolsey & Foreign Policy, 1514–15292.5 - Wolsey’s Fall & Cromwell’s Rise, 1527–15332.6 - Cromwell’s Reforms & Revolution2.7 - Quest for Annulment & Break with Rome, 1527–15332.8 - Establishment of Royal Supremacy, 1532–15342.9 - The Dissolution of the Monasteries, 1536–15402.10 - Parliament’s Role in the Henrician Reformation2.11 - Foreign Policy in the 1540s2.12 - The Succession Question & Henry’s Six Marriages2.13 - Social Impact of Religious Changes2.14 - Rebellions: The Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536–15372.15 - Economic Development2.16 - Religious Change by 15472.17 - The Last Years of Henry VIII, 1540–1547
3.1 - Edward VI’s Accession & Somerset’s Protectorate, 15473.2 - Somerset’s Policies3.3 - The Rebellions of 15493.4 - Somerset’s Fall & Northumberland’s Rise, 1549–15503.5 - Northumberland’s Policies & Effectiveness, 1550–15533.6 - Religious Changes Under Edward VI: English Reformation3.7 - Social & Economic Problems Under Edward VI3.8 - Foreign Policy Under Edward VI3.9 - Intellectual Developments Under Edward VI3.10 - The Succession Crisis of 15533.11 - Mary I’s Accession & Consolidation of Power, 15533.12 - Mary I’s Government & Ministers3.13 - The Marian Restoration3.14 - Mary I’s Marriage to Philip of Spain3.15 - Foreign Policy & the Loss of Calais, 1554–15583.16 - Social & Economic Issues Under Mary I3.17 - Rebellions Under Mary I3.18 - Elizabeth I’s Character & Early Challenges, 15583.19 - The Elizabethan Religious Settlement, 15593.20 - Early Elizabethan Foreign Policy, 1558–1563
4.1 - Elizabethan Government4.2 - Key Ministers: Cecil, Walsingham & Leicester4.3 - Parliament & Crown: Conflict & Cooperation4.4 - Cecil–Essex Conflict & Court Politics in the 1590s4.5 - The Succession: Marriage & Problem of Heirs4.6 - Mary, Queen of Scots, 1568–15724.7 - Mary, Queen of Scots: Plots, Trial & Execution, 1583–15874.8 - Relations with Spain, 1570–15854.9 - The Spanish Armada, 15884.10 - Foreign Policy: Ireland, Scotland & Europe4.11 - Society Under Elizabeth4.12 - Northern Rebellion & Oxfordshire Rising4.13 - Economic Prosperity & Depression4.14 - Trade, Exploration & Colonisation4.15 - Puritanism, Catholicism & Church of England4.16 - The English Renaissance4.17 - Last Years of Elizabeth: Politics & Succession, 1595–1603
1.1 - The Nature of Russian Autocracy & Russia in 18551.2 - Impact of the Crimean War & Crisis of Autocracy1.3 - Alexander II’s Accession & Emancipation of Serfs, 18611.4 - Alexander II’s Domestic Reforms1.5 - Limitations of Alexander II’s Reforms & Autocracy1.6 - Populism, Revolution & Alexander II’s Assassination1.7 - Alexander III’s Accession & Policy1.8 - Treatment of Ethnic Minorities Under Alexander III1.9 - Anti‑semitic Policies & Persecution of Jews1.10 - Economic & Industrial Developments1.11 - The Land Issue & Position of Peasantry After Emancipation1.12 - Nobility, Landowners & Influence of Orthodox Church
2.1 - Nicholas II’s Accession, Character & Autocracy2.2 - Economic Developments, 1890s–1900s2.3 - Agricultural Developments & Stolypin’s Reforms2.4 - Urbanisation, Working‑class Growth & Living Conditions2.5 - Social Divisions & Cultural Changes2.6 - Liberals, Social Revolutionaries & Social Democrats2.7 - 1905 Revolution: Causes, Events & Bloody Sunday2.8 - October Manifesto & End of the 1905 Revolution2.9 - The First & Second Dumas, 1906–19142.10 - The Third & Fourth Dumas & Stolypin’s 'Pacification'2.11 - The Impact of the First World War2.12 - Economic & Social Strains of War, 1914–19172.13 - The Rasputin Affair & Crisis of Authority2.14 - February Revolution, 1917: Collapse of Tsarism2.15 - Provisional Government & Dual Power, 19172.16 - Bolshevik Seizure of Power, October 19172.17 - Bolshevik Power & Initial Opposition, 1917
3.1 - Bolshevik Ideology & Vision for Socialist Transformation3.2 - The Civil War, 1918–19213.3 - War Communism: Economic Policies & Impact, 1918–19213.4 - The Kronstadt Rebellion & Crisis of 19213.5 - The New Economic Policy (NEP), 1921–19283.6 - The Formation of the USSR & Nationalities Policy3.7 - Rise of the Communist Party & Bureaucratisation3.8 - Lenin’s Death & Stalin’s Rise to Power, 1924–19293.9 - End of NEP & Drive for Rapid Industrialisation3.10 - Collectivisation of Agriculture, 1928–19333.11 - Famine of 1932–1933 & Human Cost of Collectivisation3.12 - Five‑tear Plans: Industrial Achievement & Social Cost3.13 - Social Transformation Under Lenin & Stalin3.14 - Women Under Leninist & Stalinist Rule3.15 - Soviet Policy Towards Young People3.16 - Religion & the Orthodox Church3.17 - Treatment of National Minorities3.18 - Propaganda, Culture & Arts Under Stalin3.19 - The Great Terror, 1936–1938: Purges & Show Trials3.20 - The Red Terror & Gulag System3.21 - Opposition in the Party: Factional Disputes & Suppression3.22 - Political, Economic & Social Condition of Soviet Union, 1941
4.1 - Operation Barbarossa & Early Disasters of 19414.2 - Stalin’s Leadership & Mobilisation of Patriotism4.3 - Evacuation of Industry & Wartime Production4.4 - The Social Impact of War4.5 - Partisan Warfare & Role of 'the People' in War Effort4.6 - High Stalinism, 1945–19534.7 - Leningrad Affair & Doctors’ Plot4.8 - The Cult of Personality: Stalin as Leader & Icon4.9 - The Power Vacuum & Succession Crisis, March 19534.10 - Khrushchev’s Rise to Power, 1953–19564.11 - The Secret Speech & De‑Stalinisation, 19564.12 - Khrushchev’s Consolidation of Power, 19574.13 - Political & Party Changes Under Khrushchev4.14 - Industrial & Economic Policy Under Khrushchev4.15 - The Virgin Lands Scheme: Agricultural Expansion4.16 - Agricultural Policy: Problems of Collective Farming4.17 - Social & Cultural Change Under Khrushchev4.18 - Emergence of Dissent: Cultural Dissidents & Samizdat4.19 - Communist Divisions & Opposition to Khrushchev4.20 - Khrushchev’s Fall From Power, 19644.21 - Political, Economic & Social Condition of Soviet Union, 1964
1.1 - Indian Mutiny of 1857 & Immediate Causes1.2 - Course & Consequences of Indian Mutiny, 1857–18581.3 - Administration & Governance of India After 18581.4 - British Strategic Interests & Defence of India1.5 - British Expansion in Africa, 1857–18801.6 - Suez Canal & British Intervention in Egypt1.7 - Scramble for Africa & International Relations, 1880–18901.8 - Chartered Companies & Imperial Expansion1.9 - Trade, Commerce & Economic Foundations of Informal Empire1.10 - Explorers, Missionaries & Traders1.11 - Colonial Administrators & Development of Imperial Ideology1.12 - Imperialism in Britain & Party Political Conflicts1.13 - Boers & Bantu Peoples in Southern Africa
2.1 - Consolidation of British Control in Egypt & Sudan Crisis2.2 - Partition of Africa & British Expansion, 1890–19142.3 - Administration of India: Viceroyalty & British Raj2.4 - 'Native Policy' & Colonial Governance in Africa2.5 - The Entente Cordiale & Imperial Agreements2.6 - Trade, Commerce & Imperial Economic Networks2.7 - Chamberlain: Imperial Federation & Tariff Reform2.8 - Rhodes: British South Africa Company & Expansion2.9 - Imperialism: Ideologies & Debates2.10 - British Empire & Popular Culture2.11 - Resistance & Conflict in Sudan2.12 - Causes of the Second Boer War (1899–1902)2.13 - Course & Conduct of the Second Boer War2.14 - Consequences & Legacy of the Second Boer War
3.1 - British Empire & WWI: Mobilisation & Expansion3.2 - Mandate System & British Expansion in Middle East3.3 - Impact of WWI on India3.4 - Gandhi & Non‑violent Resistance3.5 - Indian Nationalism & Path Toward Independence3.6 - Dominions & Statute of Westminster, 19313.7 - Colonial Policy in Africa Between the Wars3.8 - Economic Impact of the World Wars3.9 - Decline of British Military Supremacy3.10 - WWII’s Impact on the Empire3.11 - Withdrawal From India & Partition, 19473.12 - Withdrawal From Palestine & Creation of Israel3.13 - Nationalist Movements & Protest, 1914–1947
4.1 - Britain’s Weakness & American Pressure for Decolonisation4.2 - Decolonisation in Asia: Burma, Ceylon, & Malaya4.3 - Decolonisation in West Africa: Ghana & Nigeria4.4 - Suez Crisis (1956) & Impact on British Imperial Power4.5 - 'Winds of Change' & Acceptance of African Independence4.6 - Kenya: Mau Mau, Emergency, & Decolonisation4.7 - Central African Federation & Rhodesia’s Independence4.8 - Decolonisation in the Caribbean4.9 - Challenges to Colonial Rule in Asia: Cyprus & Aden4.10 - International Relations & Commonwealth Transformation4.11 - Trade, Commerce & Post‑war Economic Reconstruction4.12 - Migration & Residual Impact on British Society4.13 - Residual Impact of Empire in British Society4.14 - Nationalist Leaders & Influence on Decolonisation
1.1 - Formation & Structure of German Empire in 18711.2 - 1871 Constitution & Balance of Power1.3 - Political Parties & Ideologies in Kaiserreich1.4 - Wilhelm I as Kaiser, 1871–18881.5 - Bismarck as Chancellor1.6 - Bismarck’s Domestic Policies: The Kulturkampf1.7 - Bismarck’s Policies to Socialists & Social Reform1.8 - Wilhelm II: Personality, Aims & the "New Course"1.9 - Chancellors Under Wilhelm II & Decline of Leadership1.10 - Reichstag & Struggle Between Autocracy & Democracy1.11 - Germany’s Industrial & Economic Development, 1871–19141.12 - Social Structure, Militarism & Condition of Workers1.13 - Germany’s in 1914: Political, Economic & Social Assessment
2.1 - Political Impact of WWI & Germany’s Home Front2.2 - Collapse of Imperial Authority & 1918 Revolution2.3 - Weimar Constitution: Structure, Principles & Weaknesses2.4 - Post‑war Politics & Treaty of Versailles2.5 - Spartacist Uprising & Left‑wing Threats, 19192.6 - Kapp Putsch & Right‑wing Opposition, 19202.7 - Munich Putsch & Early Nazi Activity, 19232.8 - Ruhr Crisis: Causes, Occupation & Consequences, 19232.9 - Hyperinflation: Causes, Impact & Stabilisation, 19232.10 - Stresemann’s Leadership & "Golden Years", 1924–19292.11 - Dawes Plan, Young Plan & Structural Problems2.12 - Social & Cultural Change in Weimar Germany2.13 - Germany in 1929: Assessment & Underlying Weaknesses
3.1 - Great Depression & Collapse of Weimar Democracy, 1929–19333.2 - Hitler’s Rise to Power, 1933–19343.3 - Nazi Ideology: Core Principles & Worldview3.4 - Consolidation of Power: Terror State & Control3.5 - Hitler’s Governing Style3.6 - Key Nazi Leaders & Polycratic Regime3.7 - Opposition & Resistance to Nazi Rule3.8 - Nazi Economic Policies, 1933–19393.9 - Nazi War Economy & Total War, 1939–19453.10 - Nazi Social Policies3.11 - Racial State: Persecution, Exclusion & Holocaust3.12 - Nazi Culture & Propaganda3.13 - Post‑war Occupation & Division of Germany, 1945–19493.14 - Berlin Blockade & Cold War Tensions, 1948–19493.15 - Germany’s in 1949: Legacy of Nazism & War
4.1 - Establishing Stable Democracy in West Germany4.2 - Konrad Adenauer as Chancellor, 1949–19634.3 - Confronting Nazi Past: Denazification, Trials & Memory4.4 - "Economic Miracle": Causes & Social Impact4.5 - West Germany’s Integration into the Western Bloc4.6 - Chancellors After Adenauer, 1963–19694.7 - Brandt & Ostpolitik, 1969–19744.8 - Schmidt: Leadership & Crisis Management, 1974–19824.9 - Extra‑parliamentary Opposition: Student Protests, 19684.10 - Urban Terrorism: Baader‑Meinhof Gang & German Autumn4.11 - Environmental Movement & Rise of the Greens4.12 - Oil Crisis, Structural Change & Post‑miracle Adjustment4.13 - Living Standards, Women, Youth Culture & Diversity4.14 - Helmut Kohl & Long Chancellorship, 1982–19904.15 - Collapse of East Germany & Reunification, 1989–19904.16 - Reunified Germany in 1991
Component 2 – Depth Study
1.1 - Before the 1917 Revolutions: Autocracy & Authority1.2 - Before the 1917 Revolutions: The Strains of WWI1.3 - Before the 1917 Revolutions: Economic Crisis & Social Discontent1.4 - February/March 1917 Revolution: Causes & Outbreak1.5 - February/March 1917 Revolution: Collapse of Tsarism1.6 - Provisional Government & Petrograd Soviet1.7 - Dual Authority, March–October 19171.8 - Lenin’s Return & April Theses1.9 - July Days & Crisis of Provisional Government1.10 - Kornilov Coup1.11 - Lenin & Central Committee: Decision to Seize Power1.12 - October/November 1917 Revolution: Seizure of Power1.13 - Establishment of Bolshevik Authority
2.1 - Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly2.2 - Treaty of Brest‑Litovsk & Withdrawal from WWI2.3 - Outbreak & Main Phases of the Civil War, 1918–19202.4 - Foreign Intervention in the Civil War2.5 - Trotsky & Red Army2.6 - Murder of the Tsar & Imperial Family2.7 - Reasons for Red Victory in the Civil War2.8 - War Communism: Economic Policies & Social Impact2.9 - Red Terror & Political Repression2.10 - Popular Revolts, 1920–19212.11 - Introduction of New Economic Policy (NEP)2.12 - Comintern, War with Poland, & Treaty of Rapallo2.13 - End of Lenin’s Rule & Bolshevik State by 1924
3.1 - Power Vacuum & Leadership Contenders3.2 - Lenin’s Testament & Suppression3.3 - Triumvirate: Stalin, Zinoviev & Kamenev3.4 - 'Permanent Revolution' & 'Socialism in One Country'3.5 - Defeat of Zinoviev & Kamenev3.6 - Defeat of Right Opposition & Bukharin3.7 - 'Great Turn' & Decision to Industrialise3.8 - Decision to Collectivise Agriculture3.9 - Stalin’s Propaganda & Cult of Personality3.10 - Stalin’s Foreign Policy & Changes in Comintern
4.1 - Collectivisation: Voluntary & Forced Phases4.2 - Liquidation of Kulaks as a Class4.3 - State Farms & Collective Farms4.4 - Famine of 1932–19344.5 - Five‑year Plans4.6 - New Industrial Centres & Major Projects4.7 - Working & Living Conditions: Workers, Women & Managers4.8 - Stakhanovite Movement & Socialist Competition4.9 - Development of Stalin Cult in 1930s4.10 - Socialist Realism & Cultural Control4.11 - Soviet Economy & Society by 1941
5.1 - Machinery of State Terror: NKVD5.2 - Early Purges & Elimination of Old Bolsheviks5.3 - Assassination of Kirov5.4 - Show Trials: Moscow Trials of 1936–19385.5 - Stalin Constitution of 19365.6 - Yezhovshchina: Mass Terror, 1936–19385.7 - Purge of Red Army5.8 - Forced Labour Camps & Special Settlements5.9 - End of Great Terror & Yezhov’s Fall5.10 - Assassination of Trotsky5.11 - Church, Women, Young People & Working Men5.12 - Lenin’s & Stalin’s USSR5.13 - Stalin & International Relations in the 1930s5.14 - Nazi–Soviet Pact of 1939
6.1 - Operation Barbarossa & Stalinist Reaction6.2 - Course of War: Major Campaigns & Turning Points6.3 - USSR Under German Occupation6.4 - Soviet Economy During the War6.5 - Foreign Aid & Allied Cooperation6.6 - Soviet Fight‑back: Reasons for Ultimate Victory6.7 - Post‑war Reconstruction: Industry & Agriculture6.8 - High Stalinism: Renewed Dictatorship & Terror6.9 - NKVD Under Beria & Role of Secret Police6.10 - Zhdanovism & Cultural Purge6.11 - Stalin’s Cult of Personality in Post‑War Period6.12 - Changes in the Soviet Union’s International Position6.13 - Death of Stalin & His Legacy
1.1 - Impact of WWI & Political Crisis of 19181.2 - The Establishment & Terms of the Weimar Constitution1.3 - Establishment & Terms of the Weimar Constitution1.4 - Treaty of Versailles: German Expectations & Reality1.5 - Problems from the Treaty of Versailles1.6 - Post‑war Economic & Social Legacy1.7 - Reparations, Inflation & Hyperinflation1.8 - Invasion of the Ruhr & Economic Consequences1.9 - Social Impact of Hyperinflation & Emergency Measures1.10 - Spartacist Uprising & Left‑wing Challenges1.11 - Kapp Putsch & Right‑wing Threats1.12 - Political Impact of Ruhr Invasion & Crisis of 19231.13 - Munich Putsch: Causes, Events & Consequences1.14 - Coalition Government & Parliament Instability, 1918–19241.15 - State of the Weimar Republic by 1924
2.1 - Stresemann: Leadership, Policies & Significance2.2 - Dawes Plan: Terms, Implementation & Economic Impact2.3 - Industrial Recovery & Modernisation, 1924–19282.4 - Agriculture: Problems & Limited Recovery2.5 - Reparations Issue & Young Plan2.6 - Social Welfare Reforms & Welfare State2.7 - Weimar Culture: Art, Architecture & Design2.8 - Weimar Culture: Music, Theatre, Literature & Film2.9 - Living Standards, Lifestyles & Social Change2.10 - President Hindenburg’s Election & Role2.11 - Parties, Elections & Coalition Stability2.12 - Attitudes to the Republic: Elites & Social Groups2.13 - Extremist Parties: Nazis & Communists, 1924–19282.14 - Stresemann’s Foreign Policy & Principle of Revision2.15 - Locarno Treaties & Integration into the European Order2.16 - Entry into the League of Nations & Disarmament2.17 - Treaty of Berlin & Relations with the Soviet Union2.18 - End of Allied Occupation & Political Stability
3.1 - Onset of Great Depression: 1929 Crash & Germany3.2 - Economic & Social Consequences of the Depression3.3 - Fall of Müller Government & Political Crisis of 19303.4 - September 1930 Election: Breakthrough for Extremism3.5 - Government Policies & 1932 Elections3.6 - Appeal of Nazism: Ideology & Propaganda3.7 - Nazi Propaganda: Methods, Techniques & Impact3.8 - Appeal & Tactics of the Communist Party (KPD)3.9 - Role of the SA & Political Violence3.10 - Presidential Government & Erosion of Democracy3.11 - Hindenburg, Papen & Schleicher: 'Backstairs Intrigue'3.12 - Negotiations Leading to Hitler as Chancellor3.13 - Reichstag Fire, February 19333.14 - March 1933 Election & Political Manoeuvring3.15 - Enabling Act & End of Democracy3.16 - Germany by March 1933
4.1 - Gleichschaltung: German Society & Institutions4.2 - Governmental & Administrative Changes, 1933–19344.3 - Night of the Long Knives4.4 - Death of Hindenburg & Hitler’s Supreme Power4.5 - The SS: Structure, Functions & Himmler’s Empire4.6 - The Gestapo: Operations, Methods & Terror4.7 - Courts & Legal System Under Nazi Rule4.8 - Concentration Camps & System of Terror4.9 - Opposition & Non‑conformity: Extent & Limitations4.10 - Nazi Propaganda: Aims, Methods & Goebbels’ System4.11 - Impact & Effectiveness of Propaganda4.12 - Extent of Totalitarian Control4.13 - Schacht's Economic Policies: Recovery & Rearmament4.14 - Four Year Plan: Göring, Autarky & Preparing for War4.15 - Industrial Elites: Cooperation, Complicity & Benefit4.16 - Social Policy: Young People & Hitler Youth4.17 - Social Policy: Women & Family4.18 - Social Policy: Workers & German Labour Front4.19 - Social Policy: Churches & Religious Life4.20 - Volksgemeinschaft: People’s Community4.21 - Nazi Rule for Ordinary Germans
5.1 - Nazi Racial Ideology & Social Darwinism5.2 - Policies Towards 'Hereditarily Ill': Sterilisation5.3 - T4 Euthanasia Programme: Mental Illness & Disabilities5.4 - Persecution of 'Asocials', Homosexuals & Religious Sects5.5 - Anti‑Semitism: Early Policies & April 1933 Boycott5.6 - Civil Service Law & Exclusion from Professions5.7 - Nuremberg Laws & Prohibition of Mixed Relationships5.8 - Radicalisation of Anti‑Jewish Policy, 1936–19375.9 - Anschluss & Persecution of Austrian Jews, 19385.10 - Reichskristallnacht: Causes, Events & Consequences5.11 - Emigration Policies & International Responses5.12 - War Against Poland & Jewish Persecution5.13 - Establishment & Purpose of Ghettos5.14 - Ghettoisation & Jewish Councils (Judenräte)5.15 - Ghetto Life: Conditions, Death Rates & Survival5.16 - Mobile Killing Squads in Operation Barbarossa5.17 - Development of Killing Methods: Shootings & Gas Vans
6.1 - Rationing & Material Conditions on the Home Front6.2 - Indoctrination, Propaganda & Morale During Wartime6.3 - Changing Impact of War on Sections of Society6.4 - The Role of Women in Wartime Economy6.5 - Wartime Economy & Albert Speer6.6 - Impact of Allied Bombing on German Society6.7 - Mobilisation of the Labour Force: German Workers6.8 - Prisoners of War & Forced Labour in German War Economy6.9 - Wannsee Conference & Planning the 'Final Solution'6.10 - Extermination Camps6.11 - Treatment of Jews & Other Victims During the War6.12 - German Occupation Policies Towards 'Untermenschen'6.13 - Student & Intellectual Opposition in Wartime6.14 - Religious Opposition in Wartime6.15 - Military Opposition: July Bomb Plot & Army Resistance6.16 - Civilian Opposition & Criticism6.17 - The Nazi State by 1945
1.1 - Conflicting Ideologies: Capitalism & Communism1.2 - Yalta Conference, February 19451.3 - Death of Roosevelt & Change in American Leadership1.4 - Potsdam Conference, July–August 19451.5 - Soviet Occupation of Eastern Europe, 1945–19481.6 - Kennan’s Long Telegram, February 19461.7 - Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech, March 19461.8 - Establishment of Cominform, September 19471.9 - Greek Civil War & Truman Doctrine, 19471.10 - Marshall Plan: American Economic Intervention in Europe1.11 - Crisis Over Germany: Occupation, Bizonia & Currency Reform1.12 - Berlin Blockade & Airlift, 1948–19491.13 - Creation of West & East Germany, 19491.14 - Formation of NATO, April 1949
2.1 - Reconstruction of Japan & US‑Japanese Relations2.2 - US Support for Jiang Jieshi & "Loss" of China2.3 - US Policy Towards Taiwan & Taiwan Strait Crises2.4 - Defensive Perimeter Strategy & Abandonment2.5 - US Support for South Korea & Outbreak of the Korean War2.6 - NSC‑68 & Militarisation of Containment2.7 - Korean War: Military & Conflict, 1950–19512.8 - Korean War: Peace Negotiations & Armistice, 1951–19532.9 - McCarthyism in the USA & Influence in Europe2.10 - US Dominance in the UN & Role as 'World Policeman'2.11 - Isolation of China & Policy of Non‑recognition2.12 - Federal Republic of Germany & NATO Integration2.13 - Warsaw Pact: Eastern Bloc Alliance, 19552.14 - SEATO & Extension of Alliances into Southeast Asia2.15 - Eisenhower, Dulles & Policy of 'Brinkmanship'2.16 - Domino Theory & US Policy in Indochina2.17 - Geneva Conference in 1954 & Division of Vietnam
3.1 - Khrushchev’s Rise & Process of De‑Stalinisation3.2 - Concept of 'Peaceful Coexistence' & Limitations3.3 - Polish October & Soviet Response, 19563.4 - Hungarian Uprising & Soviet Intervention, 19563.5 - Suez Crisis & Cold War Implications, 19563.6 - Extension of the Arms Race: ICBMs & Mutual Vulnerability3.7 - Space Race: Sputnik, Propaganda & Technological Competition3.8 - Berlin Crisis & Khrushchev’s Berlin Ultimatum, 1958–19613.9 - U‑2 Incident & Collapse of the Paris Summit, 19603.10 - Construction of the Berlin Wall, August 19613.11 - Development of Indochina: Ho Chi Minh’s North Vietnam3.12 - Ngo Dinh Diem’s Regime in South Vietnam3.13 - Forming the National Liberation Front: Viet Cong3.14 - Kennedy’s Policies to Indochina & Escalating Involvement3.15 - US Attitudes to Cuba & Castro’s Revolution3.16 - Bay of Pigs Invasion, April 19613.17 - Cuban Missile Crisis: Causes & 13 Days, October 19623.18 - Cuban Missile Crisis: Significance & Consequences
4.1 - Johnson’s Presidency & Approach to Vietnam4.2 - Gulf of Tonkin Incident & Resolution, August 19644.3 - Operation Rolling Thunder & American Bombing Campaign4.4 - Commitment of American Ground Troops, 19654.5 - American & NLF/North Vietnamese Tactics & Strategies4.6 - Relative Strengths & Sanctuaries4.7 - Tet Offensive, January–February 19684.8 - Domestic Impact of Tet & American Policy4.9 - Nixon’s Election & Promise of 'Peace with Honour'4.10 - Vietnamisation: Strategy, Implementation & Limitations4.11 - Expansion into Cambodia, 19704.12 - Expansion into Laos, 19714.13 - Nixon & Kissinger’s Opening to China4.14 - Paris Peace Talks & Obstacles to Agreement4.15 - Kennedy & Khrushchev After the Cuban Missile Crisis4.16 - Washington–Moscow Hotline & Crisis Communication4.17 - Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 19634.18 - Nuclear Non‑proliferation Treaty, 19684.19 - Czechoslovak Crisis, 1968: Prague Spring & Soviets4.20 - Brezhnev Doctrine & Eastern European Sovereignty4.21 - Sino‑Soviet Split: Ideology & Territory
5.1 - Paris Peace Accords, January 19735.2 - Northern Victory in Vietnam, 1975: Fall of Saigon5.3 - Problems in Cambodia: The Khmer Rouge Regime5.4 - Human, Economic & Political Costs of the Vietnam War5.5 - SALT I Treaty & Moscow Summit, 19725.6 - West Germany’s Eastern Policy Under Brandt5.7 - Helsinki Accords, 19755.8 - Continuing Arms Race: Technology & Strategic Parity5.9 - Sino‑American Relations: Normalisation & Strategy5.10 - Second Cold War: Origins & Renewed Tensions5.11 - Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, December 19795.12 - Reagan, Thatcher & Pope John Paul II5.13 - Crushing of Solidarity in Poland, 1980–19815.14 - Korean Airlines Flight 007, September 19835.15 - Cuban Intervention in Angola: Proxy Warfare in Africa5.16 - Cuban Intervention in Ethiopia: Marxist Regimes5.17 - US Intervention in Chile5.18 - US Interventions in Grenada & Nicaragua
6.1 - Gorbachev’s Rise: Leadership Crisis in the USSR6.2 - Gorbachev’s 'New Thinking' in Foreign Policy6.3 - Soviet Economic Problems & Need for Reform6.4 - Geneva Summit, November 19856.5 - Reykjavik Summit, October 19866.6 - Reagan’s Strategic Defence Initiative: Star Wars6.7 - Washington Summit & INF Treaty, December 19876.8 - Moscow Summit, May–June 19886.9 - George H. W. Bush & Gorbachev6.10 - Collapse of Communism in Poland, 19896.11 - Fall of the Berlin Wall, November 19896.12 - Revolution in Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria & Romania6.13 - The End of the Brezhnev Doctrine6.14 - The Reunification of Germany, 1989–19906.15 - Gulf War & Superpower Cooperation, 1990–19916.16 - Crisis in the Soviet Union: Nationalism & Economic Collapse6.17 - The August 1991 Coup Attempt6.18 - End of the Cold War in Asia: Afghanistan Withdrawal6.19 - End of Cold War Tensions in the Americas & Africa6.20 - Malta Summit, December 19896.21 - Dissolution of the Soviet Union, December 1991
1.1 - Churchill’s Return to Power, 1951–19551.2 - Eden’s Leadership & Suez Crisis, 1955–19571.3 - Macmillan’s Leadership & Political Success, 1957–19631.4 - Macmillan’s Decline & Douglas‑Home, 1963–19641.5 - Conservative Domestic Policies & Post‑War Consensus1.6 - Labour Divisions & Electoral Failures, 1951–19641.7 - Post‑war Economic Boom & Rising Living Standards1.8 - Balance of Payments & "Stop‑Go" Economic Policies1.9 - Social Change: Affluence, Consumerism & Class1.10 - Position of Women in 1950s & Early 1960s1.11 - Immigration, Race Relations & Racial Violence1.12 - Youth Culture & Emergence of the "Teenager"1.13 - Foreign Policy: Relations with USA & USSR1.14 - British Involvement in the Korean War1.15 - European Policy: EFTA & Failed EEC Applications1.16 - Decolonisation & "Winds of Change"
2.1 - Wilson’s Ideology, Character & Leadership Style2.2 - Inherited Economic Problems & Structural Issues2.3 - The July 1966 Crisis & Deflationary Measures2.4 - The 1967 Devaluation Crisis2.5 - Jenkins as Chancellor: Economic Recovery & Cuts2.6 - Industrial Relations & Trade Union Problems2.7 - Other Domestic Policies & Reforms2.8 - Northern Ireland: Beginning of "the Troubles"2.9 - Labour Divisions & Loss of the 1970 Election2.10 - Liberal Social Reforms: Abolition of Capital Punishment2.11 - Liberal Social Reforms: Divorce, Abortion & Homosexuality2.12 - Educational Reform & Comprehensive School Debate2.13 - Social & Cultural Change: Mass Media & Popular Culture2.14 - Censorship, Permissiveness & Moral Attitudes2.15 - Women’s Rights & Progress Towards Equality2.16 - Youth Culture, Permissive Society & Anti‑Vietnam Protests2.17 - Immigration, Race & Powell’s "Rivers of Blood"2.18 - Foreign Policy: Vietnam & Relations with the USA2.19 - Europe: de Gaulle’s Veto2.20 - Decolonisation: East of Suez Withdrawal & Rhodesia
3.1 - Heath’s Leadership, Character & Ideology3.2 - Heath’s Initial Economic Policies & U‑turn3.3 - Inflation, Oil Crisis & Stagflation3.4 - Industrial Relations & Trade Union Power3.5 - Miners’ Strikes of 1972 & 19743.6 - Northern Ireland: Violence & Bloody Sunday3.7 - Sunningdale Agreement & Power‑sharing Attempt3.8 - Britain’s Entry into the EEC3.9 - Labour Return: October 1974 Election3.10 - Wilson & Callaghan: Economic Crisis & IMF Intervention3.11 - Social Contract & Industrial Relations Under Labour3.12 - Northern Ireland Under Labour: Violence & Stalemate3.13 - Society in 1970s: Feminism & Sex Discrimination Act3.14 - Race, Immigration & Growth of National Front3.15 - Youth Culture & Environmentalism in 1970s3.16 - Britain & Europe Under Labour3.17 - Relations with the USA Under Strain3.18 - Attitudes Towards USSR & China3.19 - The Winter of Discontent, 1978–793.20 - Fall of Callaghan’s Government & 1979 Election
4.1 - Thatcher’s Character, Ideology & Leadership Style4.2 - Thatcher’s Cabinet & Key Ministers4.3 - 1979, 1983 & 1987 Election Success4.4 - Labour Divisions & Formation of the SDP4.5 - Monetarism & Fight Against Inflation4.6 - Unemployment & Economic Recession, 1979–19834.7 - Privatisation & Deregulation4.8 - Economic Realignment & Transformation of Industry4.9 - Sale of Council Houses4.10 - Miners’ Strike, 1984–854.11 - Other Industrial Disputes & Trade Union Reform4.12 - Poll Tax: Introduction & Opposition4.13 - Extra‑parliamentary Opposition & Urban Unrest4.14 - Northern Ireland: Violence & Anglo‑Irish Agreement4.15 - Falklands War, 19824.16 - Relations with the USA Renewed4.17 - Cold War: Thatcher’s Role in its End4.18 - Thatcher as an International Figure4.19 - Thatcher’s Increasing Euroscepticism4.20 - European Divisions in the Conservative Party
5.1 - Fall of Thatcher: Causes & Crisis5.2 - Thatcher’s Legacy & Continuing Influence5.3 - Major’s Character, Leadership & Government5.4 - Economic Developments: Lawson Boom & Bust5.5 - Black Wednesday & Political Impact5.6 - Economic Recovery & "Feel‑Good Factor" Failure5.7 - Political Sleaze, Scandals & Satire5.8 - Citizens Charter & Public Service Reform5.9 - Conservative Divisions Over Europe: Maastricht Treaty5.10 - European Debate: Single Currency & Referendum Demands5.11 - Northern Ireland: Major’s Peace Process Initiatives5.12 - Labour’s Transformation Under Kinnock, Smith & Blair5.13 - Reasons for Labour’s 1997 Landslide Victory5.14 - Social Issues: Extent of "Social Liberalism"5.15 - Anti‑establishment Culture & Changing Attitudes5.16 - The Position of Women & Changing Gender Roles5.17 - Race Relations: Progress & Continuing Tensions5.18 - Relations with Europe: Single European Act & Maastricht5.19 - Interventions in the Balkans5.20 - Contribution to Ending the Cold War
6.1 - Blair’s Character, Leadership Style & Ideology6.2 - Constitutional Reform & Devolution6.3 - Labour’s Domestic Policies6.4 - Brown as Chancellor & Economic Policy6.5 - Northern Ireland: The Good Friday Agreement6.6 - Conservative Party: Wilderness Years & Leadership6.7 - Conservative Electoral Failures in 2001 & 20056.8 - Social Issues: Workers, Women & Youth6.9 - Britain as a Multicultural Society6.10 - Attitudes to Europe: Pragmatism & Distance6.11 - Relations with the USA: Clinton & Bush6.12 - Military Interventions: Kosovo, Afghanistan & Iraq6.13 - "War on Terror" & Domestic Security6.14 - Britain’s Position in the World by 20076.15 - New Labour’s Legacy: Achievements & Failures