A-Level · AQA
History
A-Level · AQA
Use active recall to memorise the key facts for any subtopic of A-Level History AQA (7042) with our flashcards.
Component 1 – Breadth Study
1.1 - Henry Tudor’s Character & Claim to the Throne1.2 - Victory at Bosworth & Power Consolidation, 1485–14871.3 - Establishing the Tudor Dynasty1.4 - Conciliar Government1.5 - Parliament Under Henry VII1.6 - Justice & Law Enforcement1.7 - Royal Finance: Policies & Financial Restoration1.8 - Foreign Policy: Scotland & the Northern Border1.9 - Foreign Policy: Spain, France, Burgundy & Roman Empire1.10 - Nobility, Social Structure & Aristocracy1.11 - Regional Divisions & Governance1.12 - Social Discontent & Rebellions1.13 - Economic Development1.14 - Religion Under Henry VII1.15 - Humanism, Renaissance Ideas & Learning
2.1 - Henry VIII’s Character & Early Years, 1509–15142.2 - Addressing Henry VII’s Legacy2.3 - Cardinal Wolsey & Domestic Policies, 1513–15292.4 - Cardinal Wolsey & Foreign Policy, 1514–15292.5 - Wolsey’s Fall & Cromwell’s Rise, 1527–15332.6 - Cromwell’s Reforms & Revolution2.7 - Quest for Annulment & Break with Rome, 1527–15332.8 - Establishment of Royal Supremacy, 1532–15342.9 - The Dissolution of the Monasteries, 1536–15402.10 - Parliament’s Role in the Henrician Reformation2.11 - Foreign Policy in the 1540s2.12 - The Succession Question & Henry’s Six Marriages2.13 - Social Impact of Religious Changes2.14 - Rebellions: The Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536–15372.15 - Economic Development2.16 - Religious Change by 15472.17 - The Last Years of Henry VIII, 1540–1547
3.1 - Edward VI’s Accession & Somerset’s Protectorate, 15473.2 - Somerset’s Policies3.3 - The Rebellions of 15493.4 - Somerset’s Fall & Northumberland’s Rise, 1549–15503.5 - Northumberland’s Policies & Effectiveness, 1550–15533.6 - Religious Changes Under Edward VI: English Reformation3.7 - Social & Economic Problems Under Edward VI3.8 - Foreign Policy Under Edward VI3.9 - Intellectual Developments Under Edward VI3.10 - The Succession Crisis of 15533.11 - Mary I’s Accession & Consolidation of Power, 15533.12 - Mary I’s Government & Ministers3.13 - The Marian Restoration3.14 - Mary I’s Marriage to Philip of Spain3.15 - Foreign Policy & the Loss of Calais, 1554–15583.16 - Social & Economic Issues Under Mary I3.17 - Rebellions Under Mary I3.18 - Elizabeth I’s Character & Early Challenges, 15583.19 - The Elizabethan Religious Settlement, 15593.20 - Early Elizabethan Foreign Policy, 1558–1563
4.1 - Elizabethan Government4.2 - Key Ministers: Cecil, Walsingham & Leicester4.3 - Parliament & Crown: Conflict & Cooperation4.4 - Cecil–Essex Conflict & Court Politics in the 1590s4.5 - The Succession: Marriage & Problem of Heirs4.6 - Mary, Queen of Scots, 1568–15724.7 - Mary, Queen of Scots: Plots, Trial & Execution, 1583–15874.8 - Relations with Spain, 1570–15854.9 - The Spanish Armada, 15884.10 - Foreign Policy: Ireland, Scotland & Europe4.11 - Society Under Elizabeth4.12 - Northern Rebellion & Oxfordshire Rising4.13 - Economic Prosperity & Depression4.14 - Trade, Exploration & Colonisation4.15 - Puritanism, Catholicism & Church of England4.16 - The English Renaissance4.17 - Last Years of Elizabeth: Politics & Succession, 1595–1603
1.1 - The Nature of Russian Autocracy & Russia in 18551.2 - Impact of the Crimean War & Crisis of Autocracy1.3 - Alexander II’s Accession & Emancipation of Serfs, 18611.4 - Alexander II’s Domestic Reforms1.5 - Limitations of Alexander II’s Reforms & Autocracy1.6 - Populism, Revolution & Alexander II’s Assassination1.7 - Alexander III’s Accession & Policy1.8 - Treatment of Ethnic Minorities Under Alexander III1.9 - Anti‑semitic Policies & Persecution of Jews1.10 - Economic & Industrial Developments1.11 - The Land Issue & Position of Peasantry After Emancipation1.12 - Nobility, Landowners & Influence of Orthodox Church
2.1 - Nicholas II’s Accession, Character & Autocracy2.2 - Economic Developments, 1890s–1900s2.3 - Agricultural Developments & Stolypin’s Reforms2.4 - Urbanisation, Working‑class Growth & Living Conditions2.5 - Social Divisions & Cultural Changes2.6 - Liberals, Social Revolutionaries & Social Democrats2.7 - 1905 Revolution: Causes, Events & Bloody Sunday2.8 - October Manifesto & End of the 1905 Revolution2.9 - The First & Second Dumas, 1906–19142.10 - The Third & Fourth Dumas & Stolypin’s 'Pacification'2.11 - The Impact of the First World War2.12 - Economic & Social Strains of War, 1914–19172.13 - The Rasputin Affair & Crisis of Authority2.14 - February Revolution, 1917: Collapse of Tsarism2.15 - Provisional Government & Dual Power, 19172.16 - Bolshevik Seizure of Power, October 19172.17 - Bolshevik Power & Initial Opposition, 1917
3.1 - Bolshevik Ideology & Vision for Socialist Transformation3.2 - The Civil War, 1918–19213.3 - War Communism: Economic Policies & Impact, 1918–19213.4 - The Kronstadt Rebellion & Crisis of 19213.5 - The New Economic Policy (NEP), 1921–19283.6 - The Formation of the USSR & Nationalities Policy3.7 - Rise of the Communist Party & Bureaucratisation3.8 - Lenin’s Death & Stalin’s Rise to Power, 1924–19293.9 - End of NEP & Drive for Rapid Industrialisation3.10 - Collectivisation of Agriculture, 1928–19333.11 - Famine of 1932–1933 & Human Cost of Collectivisation3.12 - Five‑tear Plans: Industrial Achievement & Social Cost3.13 - Social Transformation Under Lenin & Stalin3.14 - Women Under Leninist & Stalinist Rule3.15 - Soviet Policy Towards Young People3.16 - Religion & the Orthodox Church3.17 - Treatment of National Minorities3.18 - Propaganda, Culture & Arts Under Stalin3.19 - The Great Terror, 1936–1938: Purges & Show Trials3.20 - The Red Terror & Gulag System3.21 - Opposition in the Party: Factional Disputes & Suppression3.22 - Political, Economic & Social Condition of Soviet Union, 1941
4.1 - Operation Barbarossa & Early Disasters of 19414.2 - Stalin’s Leadership & Mobilisation of Patriotism4.3 - Evacuation of Industry & Wartime Production4.4 - The Social Impact of War4.5 - Partisan Warfare & Role of 'the People' in War Effort4.6 - High Stalinism, 1945–19534.7 - Leningrad Affair & Doctors’ Plot4.8 - The Cult of Personality: Stalin as Leader & Icon4.9 - The Power Vacuum & Succession Crisis, March 19534.10 - Khrushchev’s Rise to Power, 1953–19564.11 - The Secret Speech & De‑Stalinisation, 19564.12 - Khrushchev’s Consolidation of Power, 19574.13 - Political & Party Changes Under Khrushchev4.14 - Industrial & Economic Policy Under Khrushchev4.15 - The Virgin Lands Scheme: Agricultural Expansion4.16 - Agricultural Policy: Problems of Collective Farming4.17 - Social & Cultural Change Under Khrushchev4.18 - Emergence of Dissent: Cultural Dissidents & Samizdat4.19 - Communist Divisions & Opposition to Khrushchev4.20 - Khrushchev’s Fall From Power, 19644.21 - Political, Economic & Social Condition of Soviet Union, 1964
1.1 - Indian Mutiny of 1857 & Immediate Causes1.2 - Course & Consequences of Indian Mutiny, 1857–18581.3 - Administration & Governance of India After 18581.4 - British Strategic Interests & Defence of India1.5 - British Expansion in Africa, 1857–18801.6 - Suez Canal & British Intervention in Egypt1.7 - Scramble for Africa & International Relations, 1880–18901.8 - Chartered Companies & Imperial Expansion1.9 - Trade, Commerce & Economic Foundations of Informal Empire1.10 - Explorers, Missionaries & Traders1.11 - Colonial Administrators & Development of Imperial Ideology1.12 - Imperialism in Britain & Party Political Conflicts1.13 - Boers & Bantu Peoples in Southern Africa
2.1 - Consolidation of British Control in Egypt & Sudan Crisis2.2 - Partition of Africa & British Expansion, 1890–19142.3 - Administration of India: Viceroyalty & British Raj2.4 - 'Native Policy' & Colonial Governance in Africa2.5 - The Entente Cordiale & Imperial Agreements2.6 - Trade, Commerce & Imperial Economic Networks2.7 - Chamberlain: Imperial Federation & Tariff Reform2.8 - Rhodes: British South Africa Company & Expansion2.9 - Imperialism: Ideologies & Debates2.10 - British Empire & Popular Culture2.11 - Resistance & Conflict in Sudan2.12 - Causes of the Second Boer War (1899–1902)2.13 - Course & Conduct of the Second Boer War2.14 - Consequences & Legacy of the Second Boer War
3.1 - British Empire & WWI: Mobilisation & Expansion3.2 - Mandate System & British Expansion in Middle East3.3 - Impact of WWI on India3.4 - Gandhi & Non‑violent Resistance3.5 - Indian Nationalism & Path Toward Independence3.6 - Dominions & Statute of Westminster, 19313.7 - Colonial Policy in Africa Between the Wars3.8 - Economic Impact of the World Wars3.9 - Decline of British Military Supremacy3.10 - WWII’s Impact on the Empire3.11 - Withdrawal From India & Partition, 19473.12 - Withdrawal From Palestine & Creation of Israel3.13 - Nationalist Movements & Protest, 1914–1947
4.1 - Britain’s Weakness & American Pressure for Decolonisation4.2 - Decolonisation in Asia: Burma, Ceylon, & Malaya4.3 - Decolonisation in West Africa: Ghana & Nigeria4.4 - Suez Crisis (1956) & Impact on British Imperial Power4.5 - 'Winds of Change' & Acceptance of African Independence4.6 - Kenya: Mau Mau, Emergency, & Decolonisation4.7 - Central African Federation & Rhodesia’s Independence4.8 - Decolonisation in the Caribbean4.9 - Challenges to Colonial Rule in Asia: Cyprus & Aden4.10 - International Relations & Commonwealth Transformation4.11 - Trade, Commerce & Post‑war Economic Reconstruction4.12 - Migration & Residual Impact on British Society4.13 - Residual Impact of Empire in British Society4.14 - Nationalist Leaders & Influence on Decolonisation
1.1 - Formation & Structure of German Empire in 18711.2 - 1871 Constitution & Balance of Power1.3 - Political Parties & Ideologies in Kaiserreich1.4 - Wilhelm I as Kaiser, 1871–18881.5 - Bismarck as Chancellor1.6 - Bismarck’s Domestic Policies: The Kulturkampf1.7 - Bismarck’s Policies to Socialists & Social Reform1.8 - Wilhelm II: Personality, Aims & the "New Course"1.9 - Chancellors Under Wilhelm II & Decline of Leadership1.10 - Reichstag & Struggle Between Autocracy & Democracy1.11 - Germany’s Industrial & Economic Development, 1871–19141.12 - Social Structure, Militarism & Condition of Workers1.13 - Germany’s in 1914: Political, Economic & Social Assessment
2.1 - Political Impact of WWI & Germany’s Home Front2.2 - Collapse of Imperial Authority & 1918 Revolution2.3 - Weimar Constitution: Structure, Principles & Weaknesses2.4 - Post‑war Politics & Treaty of Versailles2.5 - Spartacist Uprising & Left‑wing Threats, 19192.6 - Kapp Putsch & Right‑wing Opposition, 19202.7 - Munich Putsch & Early Nazi Activity, 19232.8 - Ruhr Crisis: Causes, Occupation & Consequences, 19232.9 - Hyperinflation: Causes, Impact & Stabilisation, 19232.10 - Stresemann’s Leadership & "Golden Years", 1924–19292.11 - Dawes Plan, Young Plan & Structural Problems2.12 - Social & Cultural Change in Weimar Germany2.13 - Germany in 1929: Assessment & Underlying Weaknesses
3.1 - Great Depression & Collapse of Weimar Democracy, 1929–19333.2 - Hitler’s Rise to Power, 1933–19343.3 - Nazi Ideology: Core Principles & Worldview3.4 - Consolidation of Power: Terror State & Control3.5 - Hitler’s Governing Style3.6 - Key Nazi Leaders & Polycratic Regime3.7 - Opposition & Resistance to Nazi Rule3.8 - Nazi Economic Policies, 1933–19393.9 - Nazi War Economy & Total War, 1939–19453.10 - Nazi Social Policies3.11 - Racial State: Persecution, Exclusion & Holocaust3.12 - Nazi Culture & Propaganda3.13 - Post‑war Occupation & Division of Germany, 1945–19493.14 - Berlin Blockade & Cold War Tensions, 1948–19493.15 - Germany’s in 1949: Legacy of Nazism & War
4.1 - Establishing Stable Democracy in West Germany4.2 - Konrad Adenauer as Chancellor, 1949–19634.3 - Confronting Nazi Past: Denazification, Trials & Memory4.4 - "Economic Miracle": Causes & Social Impact4.5 - West Germany’s Integration into the Western Bloc4.6 - Chancellors After Adenauer, 1963–19694.7 - Brandt & Ostpolitik, 1969–19744.8 - Schmidt: Leadership & Crisis Management, 1974–19824.9 - Extra‑parliamentary Opposition: Student Protests, 19684.10 - Urban Terrorism: Baader‑Meinhof Gang & German Autumn4.11 - Environmental Movement & Rise of the Greens4.12 - Oil Crisis, Structural Change & Post‑miracle Adjustment4.13 - Living Standards, Women, Youth Culture & Diversity4.14 - Helmut Kohl & Long Chancellorship, 1982–19904.15 - Collapse of East Germany & Reunification, 1989–19904.16 - Reunified Germany in 1991
Component 2 – Depth Study
1.1 - Before the 1917 Revolutions: Autocracy & Authority1.2 - Before the 1917 Revolutions: The Strains of WWI1.3 - Before the 1917 Revolutions: Economic Crisis & Social Discontent1.4 - February/March 1917 Revolution: Causes & Outbreak1.5 - February/March 1917 Revolution: Collapse of Tsarism1.6 - Provisional Government & Petrograd Soviet1.7 - Dual Authority, March–October 19171.8 - Lenin’s Return & April Theses1.9 - July Days & Crisis of Provisional Government1.10 - Kornilov Coup1.11 - Lenin & Central Committee: Decision to Seize Power1.12 - October/November 1917 Revolution: Seizure of Power1.13 - Establishment of Bolshevik Authority
2.1 - Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly2.2 - Treaty of Brest‑Litovsk & Withdrawal from WWI2.3 - Outbreak & Main Phases of the Civil War, 1918–19202.4 - Foreign Intervention in the Civil War2.5 - Trotsky & Red Army2.6 - Murder of the Tsar & Imperial Family2.7 - Reasons for Red Victory in the Civil War2.8 - War Communism: Economic Policies & Social Impact2.9 - Red Terror & Political Repression2.10 - Popular Revolts, 1920–19212.11 - Introduction of New Economic Policy (NEP)2.12 - Comintern, War with Poland, & Treaty of Rapallo2.13 - End of Lenin’s Rule & Bolshevik State by 1924
3.1 - Power Vacuum & Leadership Contenders3.2 - Lenin’s Testament & Suppression3.3 - Triumvirate: Stalin, Zinoviev & Kamenev3.4 - 'Permanent Revolution' & 'Socialism in One Country'3.5 - Defeat of Zinoviev & Kamenev3.6 - Defeat of Right Opposition & Bukharin3.7 - 'Great Turn' & Decision to Industrialise3.8 - Decision to Collectivise Agriculture3.9 - Stalin’s Propaganda & Cult of Personality3.10 - Stalin’s Foreign Policy & Changes in Comintern
4.1 - Collectivisation: Voluntary & Forced Phases4.2 - Liquidation of Kulaks as a Class4.3 - State Farms & Collective Farms4.4 - Famine of 1932–19344.5 - Five‑year Plans4.6 - New Industrial Centres & Major Projects4.7 - Working & Living Conditions: Workers, Women & Managers4.8 - Stakhanovite Movement & Socialist Competition4.9 - Development of Stalin Cult in 1930s4.10 - Socialist Realism & Cultural Control4.11 - Soviet Economy & Society by 1941
5.1 - Machinery of State Terror: NKVD5.2 - Early Purges & Elimination of Old Bolsheviks5.3 - Assassination of Kirov5.4 - Show Trials: Moscow Trials of 1936–19385.5 - Stalin Constitution of 19365.6 - Yezhovshchina: Mass Terror, 1936–19385.7 - Purge of Red Army5.8 - Forced Labour Camps & Special Settlements5.9 - End of Great Terror & Yezhov’s Fall5.10 - Assassination of Trotsky5.11 - Church, Women, Young People & Working Men5.12 - Lenin’s & Stalin’s USSR5.13 - Stalin & International Relations in the 1930s5.14 - Nazi–Soviet Pact of 1939
6.1 - Operation Barbarossa & Stalinist Reaction6.2 - Course of War: Major Campaigns & Turning Points6.3 - USSR Under German Occupation6.4 - Soviet Economy During the War6.5 - Foreign Aid & Allied Cooperation6.6 - Soviet Fight‑back: Reasons for Ultimate Victory6.7 - Post‑war Reconstruction: Industry & Agriculture6.8 - High Stalinism: Renewed Dictatorship & Terror6.9 - NKVD Under Beria & Role of Secret Police6.10 - Zhdanovism & Cultural Purge6.11 - Stalin’s Cult of Personality in Post‑War Period6.12 - Changes in the Soviet Union’s International Position6.13 - Death of Stalin & His Legacy
1.1 - Impact of WWI & Political Crisis of 19181.2 - The Establishment & Terms of the Weimar Constitution1.3 - Establishment & Terms of the Weimar Constitution1.4 - Treaty of Versailles: German Expectations & Reality1.5 - Problems from the Treaty of Versailles1.6 - Post‑war Economic & Social Legacy1.7 - Reparations, Inflation & Hyperinflation1.8 - Invasion of the Ruhr & Economic Consequences1.9 - Social Impact of Hyperinflation & Emergency Measures1.10 - Spartacist Uprising & Left‑wing Challenges1.11 - Kapp Putsch & Right‑wing Threats1.12 - Political Impact of Ruhr Invasion & Crisis of 19231.13 - Munich Putsch: Causes, Events & Consequences1.14 - Coalition Government & Parliament Instability, 1918–19241.15 - State of the Weimar Republic by 1924
2.1 - Stresemann: Leadership, Policies & Significance2.2 - Dawes Plan: Terms, Implementation & Economic Impact2.3 - Industrial Recovery & Modernisation, 1924–19282.4 - Agriculture: Problems & Limited Recovery2.5 - Reparations Issue & Young Plan2.6 - Social Welfare Reforms & Welfare State2.7 - Weimar Culture: Art, Architecture & Design2.8 - Weimar Culture: Music, Theatre, Literature & Film2.9 - Living Standards, Lifestyles & Social Change2.10 - President Hindenburg’s Election & Role2.11 - Parties, Elections & Coalition Stability2.12 - Attitudes to the Republic: Elites & Social Groups2.13 - Extremist Parties: Nazis & Communists, 1924–19282.14 - Stresemann’s Foreign Policy & Principle of Revision2.15 - Locarno Treaties & Integration into the European Order2.16 - Entry into the League of Nations & Disarmament2.17 - Treaty of Berlin & Relations with the Soviet Union2.18 - End of Allied Occupation & Political Stability
3.1 - Onset of Great Depression: 1929 Crash & Germany3.2 - Economic & Social Consequences of the Depression3.3 - Fall of Müller Government & Political Crisis of 19303.4 - September 1930 Election: Breakthrough for Extremism3.5 - Government Policies & 1932 Elections3.6 - Appeal of Nazism: Ideology & Propaganda3.7 - Nazi Propaganda: Methods, Techniques & Impact3.8 - Appeal & Tactics of the Communist Party (KPD)3.9 - Role of the SA & Political Violence3.10 - Presidential Government & Erosion of Democracy3.11 - Hindenburg, Papen & Schleicher: 'Backstairs Intrigue'3.12 - Negotiations Leading to Hitler as Chancellor3.13 - Reichstag Fire, February 19333.14 - March 1933 Election & Political Manoeuvring3.15 - Enabling Act & End of Democracy3.16 - Germany by March 1933
4.1 - Gleichschaltung: German Society & Institutions4.2 - Governmental & Administrative Changes, 1933–19344.3 - Night of the Long Knives4.4 - Death of Hindenburg & Hitler’s Supreme Power4.5 - The SS: Structure, Functions & Himmler’s Empire4.6 - The Gestapo: Operations, Methods & Terror4.7 - Courts & Legal System Under Nazi Rule4.8 - Concentration Camps & System of Terror4.9 - Opposition & Non‑conformity: Extent & Limitations4.10 - Nazi Propaganda: Aims, Methods & Goebbels’ System4.11 - Impact & Effectiveness of Propaganda4.12 - Extent of Totalitarian Control4.13 - Schacht's Economic Policies: Recovery & Rearmament4.14 - Four Year Plan: Göring, Autarky & Preparing for War4.15 - Industrial Elites: Cooperation, Complicity & Benefit4.16 - Social Policy: Young People & Hitler Youth4.17 - Social Policy: Women & Family4.18 - Social Policy: Workers & German Labour Front4.19 - Social Policy: Churches & Religious Life4.20 - Volksgemeinschaft: People’s Community4.21 - Nazi Rule for Ordinary Germans
5.1 - Nazi Racial Ideology & Social Darwinism5.2 - Policies Towards 'Hereditarily Ill': Sterilisation5.3 - T4 Euthanasia Programme: Mental Illness & Disabilities5.4 - Persecution of 'Asocials', Homosexuals & Religious Sects5.5 - Anti‑Semitism: Early Policies & April 1933 Boycott5.6 - Civil Service Law & Exclusion from Professions5.7 - Nuremberg Laws & Prohibition of Mixed Relationships5.8 - Radicalisation of Anti‑Jewish Policy, 1936–19375.9 - Anschluss & Persecution of Austrian Jews, 19385.10 - Reichskristallnacht: Causes, Events & Consequences5.11 - Emigration Policies & International Responses5.12 - War Against Poland & Jewish Persecution5.13 - Establishment & Purpose of Ghettos5.14 - Ghettoisation & Jewish Councils (Judenräte)5.15 - Ghetto Life: Conditions, Death Rates & Survival5.16 - Mobile Killing Squads in Operation Barbarossa5.17 - Development of Killing Methods: Shootings & Gas Vans
6.1 - Rationing & Material Conditions on the Home Front6.2 - Indoctrination, Propaganda & Morale During Wartime6.3 - Changing Impact of War on Sections of Society6.4 - The Role of Women in Wartime Economy6.5 - Wartime Economy & Albert Speer6.6 - Impact of Allied Bombing on German Society6.7 - Mobilisation of the Labour Force: German Workers6.8 - Prisoners of War & Forced Labour in German War Economy6.9 - Wannsee Conference & Planning the 'Final Solution'6.10 - Extermination Camps6.11 - Treatment of Jews & Other Victims During the War6.12 - German Occupation Policies Towards 'Untermenschen'6.13 - Student & Intellectual Opposition in Wartime6.14 - Religious Opposition in Wartime6.15 - Military Opposition: July Bomb Plot & Army Resistance6.16 - Civilian Opposition & Criticism6.17 - The Nazi State by 1945
1.1 - Conflicting Ideologies: Capitalism & Communism1.2 - Yalta Conference, February 19451.3 - Death of Roosevelt & Change in American Leadership1.4 - Potsdam Conference, July–August 19451.5 - Soviet Occupation of Eastern Europe, 1945–19481.6 - Kennan’s Long Telegram, February 19461.7 - Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech, March 19461.8 - Establishment of Cominform, September 19471.9 - Greek Civil War & Truman Doctrine, 19471.10 - Marshall Plan: American Economic Intervention in Europe1.11 - Crisis Over Germany: Occupation, Bizonia & Currency Reform1.12 - Berlin Blockade & Airlift, 1948–19491.13 - Creation of West & East Germany, 19491.14 - Formation of NATO, April 1949
2.1 - Reconstruction of Japan & US‑Japanese Relations2.2 - US Support for Jiang Jieshi & "Loss" of China2.3 - US Policy Towards Taiwan & Taiwan Strait Crises2.4 - Defensive Perimeter Strategy & Abandonment2.5 - US Support for South Korea & Outbreak of the Korean War2.6 - NSC‑68 & Militarisation of Containment2.7 - Korean War: Military & Conflict, 1950–19512.8 - Korean War: Peace Negotiations & Armistice, 1951–19532.9 - McCarthyism in the USA & Influence in Europe2.10 - US Dominance in the UN & Role as 'World Policeman'2.11 - Isolation of China & Policy of Non‑recognition2.12 - Federal Republic of Germany & NATO Integration2.13 - Warsaw Pact: Eastern Bloc Alliance, 19552.14 - SEATO & Extension of Alliances into Southeast Asia2.15 - Eisenhower, Dulles & Policy of 'Brinkmanship'2.16 - Domino Theory & US Policy in Indochina2.17 - Geneva Conference in 1954 & Division of Vietnam
3.1 - Khrushchev’s Rise & Process of De‑Stalinisation3.2 - Concept of 'Peaceful Coexistence' & Limitations3.3 - Polish October & Soviet Response, 19563.4 - Hungarian Uprising & Soviet Intervention, 19563.5 - Suez Crisis & Cold War Implications, 19563.6 - Extension of the Arms Race: ICBMs & Mutual Vulnerability3.7 - Space Race: Sputnik, Propaganda & Technological Competition3.8 - Berlin Crisis & Khrushchev’s Berlin Ultimatum, 1958–19613.9 - U‑2 Incident & Collapse of the Paris Summit, 19603.10 - Construction of the Berlin Wall, August 19613.11 - Development of Indochina: Ho Chi Minh’s North Vietnam3.12 - Ngo Dinh Diem’s Regime in South Vietnam3.13 - Forming the National Liberation Front: Viet Cong3.14 - Kennedy’s Policies to Indochina & Escalating Involvement3.15 - US Attitudes to Cuba & Castro’s Revolution3.16 - Bay of Pigs Invasion, April 19613.17 - Cuban Missile Crisis: Causes & 13 Days, October 19623.18 - Cuban Missile Crisis: Significance & Consequences
4.1 - Johnson’s Presidency & Approach to Vietnam4.2 - Gulf of Tonkin Incident & Resolution, August 19644.3 - Operation Rolling Thunder & American Bombing Campaign4.4 - Commitment of American Ground Troops, 19654.5 - American & NLF/North Vietnamese Tactics & Strategies4.6 - Relative Strengths & Sanctuaries4.7 - Tet Offensive, January–February 19684.8 - Domestic Impact of Tet & American Policy4.9 - Nixon’s Election & Promise of 'Peace with Honour'4.10 - Vietnamisation: Strategy, Implementation & Limitations4.11 - Expansion into Cambodia, 19704.12 - Expansion into Laos, 19714.13 - Nixon & Kissinger’s Opening to China4.14 - Paris Peace Talks & Obstacles to Agreement4.15 - Kennedy & Khrushchev After the Cuban Missile Crisis4.16 - Washington–Moscow Hotline & Crisis Communication4.17 - Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 19634.18 - Nuclear Non‑proliferation Treaty, 19684.19 - Czechoslovak Crisis, 1968: Prague Spring & Soviets4.20 - Brezhnev Doctrine & Eastern European Sovereignty4.21 - Sino‑Soviet Split: Ideology & Territory
5.1 - Paris Peace Accords, January 19735.2 - Northern Victory in Vietnam, 1975: Fall of Saigon5.3 - Problems in Cambodia: The Khmer Rouge Regime5.4 - Human, Economic & Political Costs of the Vietnam War5.5 - SALT I Treaty & Moscow Summit, 19725.6 - West Germany’s Eastern Policy Under Brandt5.7 - Helsinki Accords, 19755.8 - Continuing Arms Race: Technology & Strategic Parity5.9 - Sino‑American Relations: Normalisation & Strategy5.10 - Second Cold War: Origins & Renewed Tensions5.11 - Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, December 19795.12 - Reagan, Thatcher & Pope John Paul II5.13 - Crushing of Solidarity in Poland, 1980–19815.14 - Korean Airlines Flight 007, September 19835.15 - Cuban Intervention in Angola: Proxy Warfare in Africa5.16 - Cuban Intervention in Ethiopia: Marxist Regimes5.17 - US Intervention in Chile5.18 - US Interventions in Grenada & Nicaragua
6.1 - Gorbachev’s Rise: Leadership Crisis in the USSR6.2 - Gorbachev’s 'New Thinking' in Foreign Policy6.3 - Soviet Economic Problems & Need for Reform6.4 - Geneva Summit, November 19856.5 - Reykjavik Summit, October 19866.6 - Reagan’s Strategic Defence Initiative: Star Wars6.7 - Washington Summit & INF Treaty, December 19876.8 - Moscow Summit, May–June 19886.9 - George H. W. Bush & Gorbachev6.10 - Collapse of Communism in Poland, 19896.11 - Fall of the Berlin Wall, November 19896.12 - Revolution in Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria & Romania6.13 - The End of the Brezhnev Doctrine6.14 - The Reunification of Germany, 1989–19906.15 - Gulf War & Superpower Cooperation, 1990–19916.16 - Crisis in the Soviet Union: Nationalism & Economic Collapse6.17 - The August 1991 Coup Attempt6.18 - End of the Cold War in Asia: Afghanistan Withdrawal6.19 - End of Cold War Tensions in the Americas & Africa6.20 - Malta Summit, December 19896.21 - Dissolution of the Soviet Union, December 1991
1.1 - Churchill’s Return to Power, 1951–19551.2 - Eden’s Leadership & Suez Crisis, 1955–19571.3 - Macmillan’s Leadership & Political Success, 1957–19631.4 - Macmillan’s Decline & Douglas‑Home, 1963–19641.5 - Conservative Domestic Policies & Post‑War Consensus1.6 - Labour Divisions & Electoral Failures, 1951–19641.7 - Post‑war Economic Boom & Rising Living Standards1.8 - Balance of Payments & "Stop‑Go" Economic Policies1.9 - Social Change: Affluence, Consumerism & Class1.10 - Position of Women in 1950s & Early 1960s1.11 - Immigration, Race Relations & Racial Violence1.12 - Youth Culture & Emergence of the "Teenager"1.13 - Foreign Policy: Relations with USA & USSR1.14 - British Involvement in the Korean War1.15 - European Policy: EFTA & Failed EEC Applications1.16 - Decolonisation & "Winds of Change"
2.1 - Wilson’s Ideology, Character & Leadership Style2.2 - Inherited Economic Problems & Structural Issues2.3 - The July 1966 Crisis & Deflationary Measures2.4 - The 1967 Devaluation Crisis2.5 - Jenkins as Chancellor: Economic Recovery & Cuts2.6 - Industrial Relations & Trade Union Problems2.7 - Other Domestic Policies & Reforms2.8 - Northern Ireland: Beginning of "the Troubles"2.9 - Labour Divisions & Loss of the 1970 Election2.10 - Liberal Social Reforms: Abolition of Capital Punishment2.11 - Liberal Social Reforms: Divorce, Abortion & Homosexuality2.12 - Educational Reform & Comprehensive School Debate2.13 - Social & Cultural Change: Mass Media & Popular Culture2.14 - Censorship, Permissiveness & Moral Attitudes2.15 - Women’s Rights & Progress Towards Equality2.16 - Youth Culture, Permissive Society & Anti‑Vietnam Protests2.17 - Immigration, Race & Powell’s "Rivers of Blood"2.18 - Foreign Policy: Vietnam & Relations with the USA2.19 - Europe: de Gaulle’s Veto2.20 - Decolonisation: East of Suez Withdrawal & Rhodesia
3.1 - Heath’s Leadership, Character & Ideology3.2 - Heath’s Initial Economic Policies & U‑turn3.3 - Inflation, Oil Crisis & Stagflation3.4 - Industrial Relations & Trade Union Power3.5 - Miners’ Strikes of 1972 & 19743.6 - Northern Ireland: Violence & Bloody Sunday3.7 - Sunningdale Agreement & Power‑sharing Attempt3.8 - Britain’s Entry into the EEC3.9 - Labour Return: October 1974 Election3.10 - Wilson & Callaghan: Economic Crisis & IMF Intervention3.11 - Social Contract & Industrial Relations Under Labour3.12 - Northern Ireland Under Labour: Violence & Stalemate3.13 - Society in 1970s: Feminism & Sex Discrimination Act3.14 - Race, Immigration & Growth of National Front3.15 - Youth Culture & Environmentalism in 1970s3.16 - Britain & Europe Under Labour3.17 - Relations with the USA Under Strain3.18 - Attitudes Towards USSR & China3.19 - The Winter of Discontent, 1978–793.20 - Fall of Callaghan’s Government & 1979 Election
4.1 - Thatcher’s Character, Ideology & Leadership Style4.2 - Thatcher’s Cabinet & Key Ministers4.3 - 1979, 1983 & 1987 Election Success4.4 - Labour Divisions & Formation of the SDP4.5 - Monetarism & Fight Against Inflation4.6 - Unemployment & Economic Recession, 1979–19834.7 - Privatisation & Deregulation4.8 - Economic Realignment & Transformation of Industry4.9 - Sale of Council Houses4.10 - Miners’ Strike, 1984–854.11 - Other Industrial Disputes & Trade Union Reform4.12 - Poll Tax: Introduction & Opposition4.13 - Extra‑parliamentary Opposition & Urban Unrest4.14 - Northern Ireland: Violence & Anglo‑Irish Agreement4.15 - Falklands War, 19824.16 - Relations with the USA Renewed4.17 - Cold War: Thatcher’s Role in its End4.18 - Thatcher as an International Figure4.19 - Thatcher’s Increasing Euroscepticism4.20 - European Divisions in the Conservative Party
5.1 - Fall of Thatcher: Causes & Crisis5.2 - Thatcher’s Legacy & Continuing Influence5.3 - Major’s Character, Leadership & Government5.4 - Economic Developments: Lawson Boom & Bust5.5 - Black Wednesday & Political Impact5.6 - Economic Recovery & "Feel‑Good Factor" Failure5.7 - Political Sleaze, Scandals & Satire5.8 - Citizens Charter & Public Service Reform5.9 - Conservative Divisions Over Europe: Maastricht Treaty5.10 - European Debate: Single Currency & Referendum Demands5.11 - Northern Ireland: Major’s Peace Process Initiatives5.12 - Labour’s Transformation Under Kinnock, Smith & Blair5.13 - Reasons for Labour’s 1997 Landslide Victory5.14 - Social Issues: Extent of "Social Liberalism"5.15 - Anti‑establishment Culture & Changing Attitudes5.16 - The Position of Women & Changing Gender Roles5.17 - Race Relations: Progress & Continuing Tensions5.18 - Relations with Europe: Single European Act & Maastricht5.19 - Interventions in the Balkans5.20 - Contribution to Ending the Cold War
6.1 - Blair’s Character, Leadership Style & Ideology6.2 - Constitutional Reform & Devolution6.3 - Labour’s Domestic Policies6.4 - Brown as Chancellor & Economic Policy6.5 - Northern Ireland: The Good Friday Agreement6.6 - Conservative Party: Wilderness Years & Leadership6.7 - Conservative Electoral Failures in 2001 & 20056.8 - Social Issues: Workers, Women & Youth6.9 - Britain as a Multicultural Society6.10 - Attitudes to Europe: Pragmatism & Distance6.11 - Relations with the USA: Clinton & Bush6.12 - Military Interventions: Kosovo, Afghanistan & Iraq6.13 - "War on Terror" & Domestic Security6.14 - Britain’s Position in the World by 20076.15 - New Labour’s Legacy: Achievements & Failures