IB
History
Paper 1 – Prescribed Subjects: Case Studies
1.1 - Japanese Nationalism: Origins & Characteristics1.2 - Rise of Militarism in Japanese Politics & Society1.3 - Economic Challenges & the Great Depression's Impact1.4 - Political Instability & the Failure of Democracy1.5 - Military Independence & Constitutional Structures1.6 - Political Instability in China: Warlordism & Civil War1.7 - Manchuria: Strategic & Economic Significance1.8 - International Context & the Washington System
2.1 - The Mukden Incident & Invasion of Manchuria (1931)2.2 - Creation & Control of Manchukuo (1932-1937)2.3 - Marco Polo Bridge Incident & Outbreak of War (1937)2.4 - Japanese Military Campaigns in China (1937-1938)2.5 - The Nanjing Massacre & Atrocities (1937-1938)2.6 - Stalemate & War of Attrition (1938-1941)2.7 - Japanese Expansion into Southeast Asia (1940-1941)2.8 - The Tripartite Pact & Axis Alliance (1940)2.9 - Deteriorating US-Japan Relations & Economic Warfare2.10 - The Decision for War & Attack on Pearl Harbor (1941)
3.1 - League of Nations: Initial Response to Manchuria3.2 - The Lytton Commission & Report (1932)3.3 - League Action & Japanese Withdrawal (1933)3.4 - Chinese Internal Conflict & the Xi'an Incident (1936)3.5 - Formation & Operation of the Second United Front3.6 - Chinese Military & Political Resistance (1937-1941)3.7 - Western Powers & Early Responses to Japanese Expansion3.8 - United States Policy: From Neutrality to Embargo3.9 - International Aid to China & Supply Routes
4.1 - Fascist Ideology & Mussolini's Foreign Policy Goals4.2 - Nazi Ideology & Hitler's Foreign Policy Goals4.3 - Economic Factors in Italian Expansion4.4 - Economic Factors in German Expansion4.5 - The Versailles Treaty & German Revisionism4.6 - The Collapse of Collective Security in Europe4.7 - The Policy of Appeasement: Origins & Justifications4.8 - Shifting Diplomatic Alignments in the 1930s
5.1 - German Rearmament & League Withdrawal (1933-1935)5.2 - Remilitarisation of the Rhineland (March 1936)5.3 - Italian Invasion of Abyssinia (1935-1936)5.4 - The Spanish Civil War & Axis Involvement (1936-1939)5.5 - Anschluss with Austria (March 1938)5.6 - The Sudetenland Crisis & Munich Agreement (1938)5.7 - Destruction of Czechoslovakia (March 1939)5.8 - Italian Expansion: Albania & Entry into War (1939-1940)5.9 - German Expansion & Polish Crisis (1939)5.10 - The Nazi-Soviet Pact (August 1939)5.11 - Invasion of Poland & Outbreak of War (September 1939)5.12 - The Phoney War & Campaign in the West (1939-1940)
6.1 - Responses to German Rearmament (1933-1935)6.2 - Responses to Remilitarisation of the Rhineland (1936)6.3 - League Response to Abyssinia: Sanctions & Failure6.4 - The Hoare-Laval Pact & Public Reaction6.5 - International Response to the Spanish Civil War6.6 - Response to Anschluss (March 1938)6.7 - The Munich Conference & Appeasement's Peak (1938)6.8 - Responses to Czechoslovakia's Destruction (March 1939)6.9 - British & French Guarantees & Diplomatic Revolution6.10 - Final Crisis & Outbreak of War (August-September 1939)
1.1 - Racism & Violence Against African Americans1.2 - The Ku Klux Klan: Origins, Revival & Activities1.3 - Disenfranchisement: Methods of Voter Suppression1.4 - Jim Crow Laws: Origins, Development & Implementation1.5 - Segregation in Daily Life & Public Amenities1.6 - Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Context & Impact1.7 - Little Rock Crisis (1957): Massive Resistance1.8 - Economic & Social Discrimination: Systemic Barriers1.9 - Impact of Discrimination on Individuals & Communities
2.1 - Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955–1956): Origins & Rosa Parks2.2 - Montgomery Bus Boycott: Methods, Challenges & Success2.3 - Freedom Rides (1961): Planning, Objectives & Route2.4 - Freedom Rides: Violence, Federal Response & Impact2.5 - Freedom Summer (1964): Planning & Voter Registration2.6 - Freedom Summer: Violence, MFDP Challenge & Legacy2.7 - Civil Rights Act (1964): Context, Provisions & Passage2.8 - Voting Rights Act (1965): Selma Campaign & Legislative Victory
3.1 - Martin Luther King Jr: Background, Philosophy & Influences3.2 - Martin Luther King Jr: Leadership Role & Key Campaigns3.3 - Malcolm X: Background, Nation of Islam & Early Ideology3.4 - Malcolm X: Evolution, Significance & Assassination3.5 - Lyndon B. Johnson: Political Background & Civil Rights3.6 - NAACP: Origins, Legal Strategy & Role in Civil Rights3.7 - SCLC: Formation, Methods & King's Leadership3.8 - SNCC: Student Activism, Grassroots Organising & Evolution3.9 - Nation of Islam: Beliefs, Structure & Influence
4.1 - Origins & Ideology of Apartheid: Afrikaner Nationalism4.2 - "Petty Apartheid": Daily Life & Segregation Laws4.3 - "Grand Apartheid": Territorial Segregation & Political Control4.4 - Population Classification & Registration: Race as Law4.5 - Segregation of Amenities: Separate & Unequal Facilities4.6 - Townships, Forced Removals & Group Areas Act4.7 - Bantu Education Act & Educational Segregation (1953)4.8 - Bantustan System: The "Homelands" Policy4.9 - Impact of Apartheid on Individuals & Communities
5.1 - Bus Boycotts: Alexandra & Township Resistance (1940s–1950s)5.2 - Defiance Campaign (1952): Mass Civil Disobedience5.3 - Congress of the People & Freedom Charter (1955)5.4 - Sharpeville Massacre (21st March 1960): Events & Context5.5 - Sharpeville Aftermath: State of Emergency & Turning Point5.6 - Shift to Armed Struggle: Formation of Umkhonto we Sizwe5.7 - MK Operations & Sabotage Campaign (1961–1963)5.8 - Rivonia Trial (1963–1964): Arrest, Trial & Sentencing
6.1 - Nelson Mandela: Early Life, Education & Political Awakening6.2 - Nelson Mandela: Leadership, Strategy & Revolutionary Evolution6.3 - Albert Luthuli: Background, Christian Principles & Non-Violence6.4 - Albert Luthuli: Nobel Peace Prize & Moral Leadership6.5 - African National Congress: Origins, Evolution to 19486.6 - African National Congress: Resistance Strategies (1948–1964)6.7 - South African Communist Party: Ideology, Influence & Alliance6.8 - Umkhonto we Sizwe: Formation, Structure & Operations
1.1 - Colonial Legacy & Ethnic Division (Pre-1962)1.2 - Post-independence Politics & Hutu Dominance (1962–1990)1.3 - Economic Crisis & Resource Competition (1980s–1990s)1.4 - Rise of Hutu Power Movement & Ideology1.5 - Formation & Role of the Interahamwe1.6 - Role of Media in Promoting Ethnic Hatred1.7 - Rwandan Civil War (1990–1993) & Arusha Accords1.8 - Assassination of Habyarimana & Ntaryamira (6 April 1994)
2.1 - Organisation & Execution of the Genocide2.2 - Actions of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF)2.3 - Media's Role During the Genocide2.4 - Nature of Crimes: Sexual Violence & War Rape2.5 - UNAMIR: Mandate, Limitations & Failure2.6 - International Inaction: France, Belgium & the United States2.7 - Media Coverage & International Awareness2.8 - End of the Genocide & RPF Victory (July 1994)
3.1 - Social Impact & Trauma on Rwandan Society3.2 - Refugee Crisis & Regional Destabilisation3.3 - Justice: Gacaca Courts & Community-Based Reconciliation3.4 - National Unity & Reconciliation Policies3.5 - International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)3.6 - Political Reconstruction & RPF-Led Government3.7 - Economic Impact & Reconstruction3.8 - Spillover: First & Second Congo Wars
4.1 - Historical Context: Serbs & Albanians in Kosovo4.2 - Rise of Slobodan Milošević & Serbian Nationalism4.3 - Constitutional Reforms & Revocation of Autonomy (1989)4.4 - Albanian Resistance & Parallel Institutions (1990–1997)4.5 - Growing Albanian Frustration & Radicalisation (1995–1997)4.6 - Formation of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA)4.7 - International Context & Balkan Wars (1991–1995)4.8 - Immediate Triggers: Drenica Massacres (1998)
5.1 - Escalation of Violence & Serbian Counter-Insurgency (1998)5.2 - The Račak Massacre (15 January 1999)5.3 - Diplomatic Efforts: Rambouillet Conference (February 1999)5.4 - NATO Bombing Campaign: Operation Allied Force (24 March – 10 June 1999)5.5 - Operation Horseshoe & Ethnic Cleansing5.6 - International Response: UN & Contact Group Diplomacy5.7 - UN Security Council Resolution 1244 & KFOR Deployment5.8 - Serbian Withdrawal & Return of Refugees
6.1 - Humanitarian Impact & Civilian Casualties6.2 - Refugee Crisis & Repatriation Challenges6.3 - Economic Devastation & Reconstruction6.4 - UNMIK Administration & State-Building (1999–2008)6.5 - Political Development & Election of Ibrahim Rugova (2002)6.6 - Minority Rights & Inter-Ethnic Tensions (1999–2002)6.7 - International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia (ICTY)6.8 - International Impact & Humanitarian Intervention Debate
Paper 2 – World History Topics: Thematic Essays
1.1 - Nationalism & National Identity Formation1.2 - Political Ideologies & Independence Movements1.3 - Religious Factors in Independence Movements1.4 - Race, Ethnicity & Colonial Hierarchies1.5 - Social Grievances & Class Structures1.6 - Economic Exploitation & Underdevelopment1.7 - Wars as Catalysts for Independence Movements1.8 - Imperial Policies & Colonial Discontent1.9 - International Context & Decolonisation Waves1.10 - Education, Intellectuals & Nationalist Thought1.11 - Impact of Earlier Independence Successes1.12 - Weakening of Colonial Powers & Opportunities
2.1 - Non-Violent Resistance & Civil Disobedience2.2 - Armed Struggle & Revolutionary Warfare2.3 - Constitutional & Legal Methods2.4 - Leadership Qualities & Political Strategies2.5 - Mass Mobilisation & Popular Support2.6 - International Support & Diplomatic Campaigns2.7 - Colonial Powers' Weakness & War-Weariness2.8 - Unity vs Division Within Independence Movements2.9 - Timing, Opportunity & Strategic Decisions2.10 - Economic Leverage & Colonial Dependency2.11 - Ideological & Moral Legitimacy
3.1 - Establishing Political Systems & Governance3.2 - Ethnic, Tribal & Regional Tensions3.3 - Separatist Movements & Territorial Integrity3.4 - Economic Development & Underdevelopment3.5 - Social Inequalities & Class Divisions3.6 - Cultural Identity & Nation-Building3.7 - Maintaining Internal Security & Order3.8 - Relations with Former Colonial Powers3.9 - Cold War Alignments & Foreign Policy3.10 - Border Disputes & Regional Conflicts3.11 - Effectiveness of Responses to Challenges
1.1 - Post-war & Political Upheaval as Catalysts1.2 - Social Factors Driving Democratic Reform1.3 - Economic Factors Demanding Political Change1.4 - External Influences on Democratisation1.5 - Revolutionary Leaders & Democratic Founders1.6 - Development of Political Party Systems1.7 - Constitutional Frameworks & Rights1.8 - Electoral System Design & Participation1.9 - Role of Civil Society & Media1.10 - Challenges to Democratic Consolidation1.11 - Transitional Justice & Reconciliation
2.1 - Immigration & National Identity Debates2.2 - Ideological Evolution: Left-Right Dynamics2.3 - Economic Forces: Growth & Crises2.4 - Foreign Influences During the Cold War2.5 - Economic Crises & Government Responses2.6 - Political Crises & Constitutional Stability2.7 - Social Movements & Civil Unrest2.8 - Women's Suffrage & Gender Equality2.9 - Civil Rights & Racial Equality Movements2.10 - LGBTQ+ Rights & Social Liberalisation2.11 - Minority Rights & Multicultural Challenges2.12 - Regional & Separatist Challenges
3.1 - Education Reform & Expansion3.2 - Social Welfare State Development3.3 - Healthcare Policies & Public Health3.4 - Policies Towards Women: Work & Family3.5 - Anti-discrimination & Minority Protection Laws3.6 - Wealth Distribution & Tax Policy3.7 - Labour Rights & Trade Union Policies3.8 - Impact on Working-class Living Standards3.9 - Middle-class Expansion & Consumerism3.10 - Indigenous Peoples & Marginalised Groups3.11 - Freedom of Expression in Arts & Culture3.12 - Media Freedom & Press Regulation3.13 - Environmental Policies & Sustainability3.14 - Impact of Neoliberal Economic Reforms
1.1 - Economic Crises & Their Political Impact1.2 - Social Division & Class Conflict1.3 - Impact of WWI on European States1.4 - Impact of War & Conflict in Non-European Regions1.5 - Failure of Democratic & Parliamentary Systems1.6 - Weakness of Traditional Political Structures1.7 - Charismatic Leadership & Personal Appeal1.8 - Ideological Foundations & Appeals1.9 - Propaganda & Mass Mobilisation Techniques1.10 - Use of Force, Violence & Paramilitary Groups1.11 - Political Strategy & Legal Manipulation1.12 - Popular Support & Targeted Promises
2.1 - Legal Methods & Constitutional Manipulation2.2 - Terror, Secret Police & Repressive Apparatus2.3 - Charismatic Leadership & Personality Cults2.4 - Propaganda, Censorship & Information Control2.5 - Education & Indoctrination of Youth2.6 - Elimination of Political Opposition2.7 - Control of Civil Society & Intermediate Bodies2.8 - Successful Foreign Policy Enhancing Legitimacy2.9 - Failed Foreign Policy & its Consequences2.10 - Economic Performance & Regime Legitimacy2.11 - Military & Security Forces Control
3.1 - Economic Policy Aims & Ideological Framework3.2 - Economic Policies: Implementation & Results3.3 - Political Restructuring & Single-Party State3.4 - Cultural Policies & Control of Arts3.5 - Social Policies & Engineering Society3.6 - Education Reform & Ideological Training3.7 - Impact on Women: Policies, Roles & Rights3.8 - Treatment of Minorities: Persecution & Exclusion3.9 - Religious Policies & Church Relations3.10 - Extent of Authoritarian Control: Success & Limits3.11 - Foreign Policy Goals & Achievements
1.1 - Economic Causes of War1.2 - Ideological Causes of War1.3 - Political Causes: Domestic & Internal1.4 - Political Causes: International Relations1.5 - Territorial & Border Causes1.6 - Ethnic, Nationalist & Religious Causes1.7 - The Role of Key Leaders & Decision-Making1.8 - The Role of Alliances, Treaties & Diplomacy1.9 - Short-Term Causes: Triggers & Escalation1.10 - Long-Term Causes & Historical Grievances1.11 - Arms Races & Militarisation1.12 - The Failure of Deterrence & Appeasement
2.1 - Types of War: Civil Wars2.2 - Types of War: Wars Between States2.3 - Types of War: Guerrilla Wars2.4 - Technological Developments: Air Warfare2.5 - Technological Developments: Naval Warfare2.6 - Technological Developments: Land Warfare2.7 - Mobilisation of Human Resources2.8 - Mobilisation of Economic Resources2.9 - Foreign Involvement & Intervention2.10 - Intelligence, Propaganda & Psychological Warfare2.11 - Resistance Movements & Partisan Warfare2.12 - Home Front & Total War
3.1 - Successes & Failures of Peacemaking3.2 - Territorial Changes from War3.3 - Political Impact: Short-Term Changes3.4 - Political Impact: Long-Term Changes3.5 - Economic Impact of War3.6 - Social & Demographic Impact3.7 - Changes in Role & Status of Women3.8 - Impact on Civilians & Home Populations3.9 - War Crimes, Justice & Moral Legacy3.10 - Long-Term Legacy, Memory & Commemoration3.11 - Impact on International Organisations & Law
1.1 - Ideological Foundations of Superpower Rivalry1.2 - Breakdown of the Grand Alliance (1943-1945)1.3 - Emergence of Rivalry in Europe (1945-1949)1.4 - Emergence of Rivalry in Asia (1945-1950)1.5 - US Containment Policy & Implementation1.6 - Soviet Consolidation & Response (1947-1953)1.7 - Peaceful Co-existence & Khrushchev's Approach1.8 - Sino-Soviet Split & its Global Impact1.9 - Détente: Causes, Implementation & Limitations1.10 - Arms Race: Development & Implications1.11 - Ideological Challenges & Dissent in Eastern Bloc1.12 - Economic Problems & Declining Soviet Power1.13 - Gorbachev's Reforms & End of Cold War
2.1 - Harry Truman & Origins of US Cold War Policy2.2 - Joseph Stalin & Soviet Cold War Policy2.3 - Nikita Khrushchev & De-Stalinisation Impact2.4 - Mao Zedong & Chinese Cold War Role2.5 - Ronald Reagan & Cold War's Final Phase2.6 - Mikhail Gorbachev & Cold War's End2.7 - Fidel Castro & Cuba's Role2.8 - Other Significant Leaders & Regional Impact2.9 - Economic Impact on USA2.10 - Economic Impact on USSR2.11 - Economic Impact on China2.12 - Social & Cultural Impact on USA2.13 - Social & Cultural Impact on USSR & Eastern Europe2.14 - Social & Cultural Impact Beyond Superpowers
3.1 - Berlin Blockade (1948-1949)3.2 - Korean War (1950-1953)3.3 - Suez Crisis (1956)3.4 - Hungarian Uprising (1956)3.5 - Berlin Wall Crisis (1958-1961)3.6 - Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)3.7 - Prague Spring (1968)3.8 - Chile: US Intervention (1973)3.9 - Angolan Civil War & Cold War Intervention (1975)3.10 - Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (1979-1989)3.11 - Nicaragua's Contra War (1981-1990)3.12 - Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe (1989)3.13 - Comparative Analysis of Crisis Patterns & Management