IB
History
Paper 1 – Prescribed Subjects: Case Studies
1.1 - Japanese Nationalism: Origins & Characteristics1.2 - Rise of Militarism in Japanese Politics & Society1.3 - Economic Challenges & the Great Depression's Impact1.4 - Political Instability & the Failure of Democracy1.5 - Military Independence & Constitutional Structures1.6 - Political Instability in China: Warlordism & Civil War1.7 - Manchuria: Strategic & Economic Significance1.8 - International Context & the Washington System
2.1 - The Mukden Incident & Invasion of Manchuria (1931)2.2 - Creation & Control of Manchukuo (1932-1937)2.3 - Marco Polo Bridge Incident & Outbreak of War (1937)2.4 - Japanese Military Campaigns in China (1937-1938)2.5 - The Nanjing Massacre & Atrocities (1937-1938)2.6 - Stalemate & War of Attrition (1938-1941)2.7 - Japanese Expansion into Southeast Asia (1940-1941)2.8 - The Tripartite Pact & Axis Alliance (1940)2.9 - Deteriorating US-Japan Relations & Economic Warfare2.10 - The Decision for War & Attack on Pearl Harbor (1941)
3.1 - League of Nations: Initial Response to Manchuria3.2 - The Lytton Commission & Report (1932)3.3 - League Action & Japanese Withdrawal (1933)3.4 - Chinese Internal Conflict & the Xi'an Incident (1936)3.5 - Formation & Operation of the Second United Front3.6 - Chinese Military & Political Resistance (1937-1941)3.7 - Western Powers & Early Responses to Japanese Expansion3.8 - United States Policy: From Neutrality to Embargo3.9 - International Aid to China & Supply Routes
4.1 - Fascist Ideology & Mussolini's Foreign Policy Goals4.2 - Nazi Ideology & Hitler's Foreign Policy Goals4.3 - Economic Factors in Italian Expansion4.4 - Economic Factors in German Expansion4.5 - The Versailles Treaty & German Revisionism4.6 - The Collapse of Collective Security in Europe4.7 - The Policy of Appeasement: Origins & Justifications4.8 - Shifting Diplomatic Alignments in the 1930s
5.1 - German Rearmament & League Withdrawal (1933-1935)5.2 - Remilitarisation of the Rhineland (March 1936)5.3 - Italian Invasion of Abyssinia (1935-1936)5.4 - The Spanish Civil War & Axis Involvement (1936-1939)5.5 - Anschluss with Austria (March 1938)5.6 - The Sudetenland Crisis & Munich Agreement (1938)5.7 - Destruction of Czechoslovakia (March 1939)5.8 - Italian Expansion: Albania & Entry into War (1939-1940)5.9 - German Expansion & Polish Crisis (1939)5.10 - The Nazi-Soviet Pact (August 1939)5.11 - Invasion of Poland & Outbreak of War (September 1939)5.12 - The Phoney War & Campaign in the West (1939-1940)
6.1 - Responses to German Rearmament (1933-1935)6.2 - Responses to Remilitarisation of the Rhineland (1936)6.3 - League Response to Abyssinia: Sanctions & Failure6.4 - The Hoare-Laval Pact & Public Reaction6.5 - International Response to the Spanish Civil War6.6 - Response to Anschluss (March 1938)6.7 - The Munich Conference & Appeasement's Peak (1938)6.8 - Responses to Czechoslovakia's Destruction (March 1939)6.9 - British & French Guarantees & Diplomatic Revolution6.10 - Final Crisis & Outbreak of War (August-September 1939)
1.1 - Racism & Violence Against African Americans1.2 - The Ku Klux Klan: Origins, Revival & Activities1.3 - Disenfranchisement: Methods of Voter Suppression1.4 - Jim Crow Laws: Origins, Development & Implementation1.5 - Segregation in Daily Life & Public Amenities1.6 - Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Context & Impact1.7 - Little Rock Crisis (1957): Massive Resistance1.8 - Economic & Social Discrimination: Systemic Barriers1.9 - Impact of Discrimination on Individuals & Communities
2.1 - Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955–1956): Origins & Rosa Parks2.2 - Montgomery Bus Boycott: Methods, Challenges & Success2.3 - Freedom Rides (1961): Planning, Objectives & Route2.4 - Freedom Rides: Violence, Federal Response & Impact2.5 - Freedom Summer (1964): Planning & Voter Registration2.6 - Freedom Summer: Violence, MFDP Challenge & Legacy2.7 - Civil Rights Act (1964): Context, Provisions & Passage2.8 - Voting Rights Act (1965): Selma Campaign & Legislative Victory
3.1 - Martin Luther King Jr: Background, Philosophy & Influences3.2 - Martin Luther King Jr: Leadership Role & Key Campaigns3.3 - Malcolm X: Background, Nation of Islam & Early Ideology3.4 - Malcolm X: Evolution, Significance & Assassination3.5 - Lyndon B. Johnson: Political Background & Civil Rights3.6 - NAACP: Origins, Legal Strategy & Role in Civil Rights3.7 - SCLC: Formation, Methods & King's Leadership3.8 - SNCC: Student Activism, Grassroots Organising & Evolution3.9 - Nation of Islam: Beliefs, Structure & Influence
4.1 - Origins & Ideology of Apartheid: Afrikaner Nationalism4.2 - "Petty Apartheid": Daily Life & Segregation Laws4.3 - "Grand Apartheid": Territorial Segregation & Political Control4.4 - Population Classification & Registration: Race as Law4.5 - Segregation of Amenities: Separate & Unequal Facilities4.6 - Townships, Forced Removals & Group Areas Act4.7 - Bantu Education Act & Educational Segregation (1953)4.8 - Bantustan System: The "Homelands" Policy4.9 - Impact of Apartheid on Individuals & Communities
5.1 - Bus Boycotts: Alexandra & Township Resistance (1940s–1950s)5.2 - Defiance Campaign (1952): Mass Civil Disobedience5.3 - Congress of the People & Freedom Charter (1955)5.4 - Sharpeville Massacre (21st March 1960): Events & Context5.5 - Sharpeville Aftermath: State of Emergency & Turning Point5.6 - Shift to Armed Struggle: Formation of Umkhonto we Sizwe5.7 - MK Operations & Sabotage Campaign (1961–1963)5.8 - Rivonia Trial (1963–1964): Arrest, Trial & Sentencing
6.1 - Nelson Mandela: Early Life, Education & Political Awakening6.2 - Nelson Mandela: Leadership, Strategy & Revolutionary Evolution6.3 - Albert Luthuli: Background, Christian Principles & Non-Violence6.4 - Albert Luthuli: Nobel Peace Prize & Moral Leadership6.5 - African National Congress: Origins, Evolution to 19486.6 - African National Congress: Resistance Strategies (1948–1964)6.7 - South African Communist Party: Ideology, Influence & Alliance6.8 - Umkhonto we Sizwe: Formation, Structure & Operations
1.1 - Colonial Legacy & Ethnic Division (Pre-1962)1.2 - Post-independence Politics & Hutu Dominance (1962–1990)1.3 - Economic Crisis & Resource Competition (1980s–1990s)1.4 - Rise of Hutu Power Movement & Ideology1.5 - Formation & Role of the Interahamwe1.6 - Role of Media in Promoting Ethnic Hatred1.7 - Rwandan Civil War (1990–1993) & Arusha Accords1.8 - Assassination of Habyarimana & Ntaryamira (6 April 1994)
2.1 - Organisation & Execution of the Genocide2.2 - Actions of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF)2.3 - Media's Role During the Genocide2.4 - Nature of Crimes: Sexual Violence & War Rape2.5 - UNAMIR: Mandate, Limitations & Failure2.6 - International Inaction: France, Belgium & the United States2.7 - Media Coverage & International Awareness2.8 - End of the Genocide & RPF Victory (July 1994)
3.1 - Social Impact & Trauma on Rwandan Society3.2 - Refugee Crisis & Regional Destabilisation3.3 - Justice: Gacaca Courts & Community-Based Reconciliation3.4 - National Unity & Reconciliation Policies3.5 - International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)3.6 - Political Reconstruction & RPF-Led Government3.7 - Economic Impact & Reconstruction3.8 - Spillover: First & Second Congo Wars
4.1 - Historical Context: Serbs & Albanians in Kosovo4.2 - Rise of Slobodan Milošević & Serbian Nationalism4.3 - Constitutional Reforms & Revocation of Autonomy (1989)4.4 - Albanian Resistance & Parallel Institutions (1990–1997)4.5 - Growing Albanian Frustration & Radicalisation (1995–1997)4.6 - Formation of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA)4.7 - International Context & Balkan Wars (1991–1995)4.8 - Immediate Triggers: Drenica Massacres (1998)
5.1 - Escalation of Violence & Serbian Counter-Insurgency (1998)5.2 - The Račak Massacre (15 January 1999)5.3 - Diplomatic Efforts: Rambouillet Conference (February 1999)5.4 - NATO Bombing Campaign: Operation Allied Force (24 March – 10 June 1999)5.5 - Operation Horseshoe & Ethnic Cleansing5.6 - International Response: UN & Contact Group Diplomacy5.7 - UN Security Council Resolution 1244 & KFOR Deployment5.8 - Serbian Withdrawal & Return of Refugees
6.1 - Humanitarian Impact & Civilian Casualties6.2 - Refugee Crisis & Repatriation Challenges6.3 - Economic Devastation & Reconstruction6.4 - UNMIK Administration & State-Building (1999–2008)6.5 - Political Development & Election of Ibrahim Rugova (2002)6.6 - Minority Rights & Inter-Ethnic Tensions (1999–2002)6.7 - International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia (ICTY)6.8 - International Impact & Humanitarian Intervention Debate
Paper 2 – World History Topics: Thematic Essays
1.1 - Nationalism & National Identity Formation1.2 - Political Ideologies & Independence Movements1.3 - Religious Factors in Independence Movements1.4 - Race, Ethnicity & Colonial Hierarchies1.5 - Social Grievances & Class Structures1.6 - Economic Exploitation & Underdevelopment1.7 - Wars as Catalysts for Independence Movements1.8 - Imperial Policies & Colonial Discontent1.9 - International Context & Decolonisation Waves1.10 - Education, Intellectuals & Nationalist Thought1.11 - Impact of Earlier Independence Successes1.12 - Weakening of Colonial Powers & Opportunities
2.1 - Non-Violent Resistance & Civil Disobedience2.2 - Armed Struggle & Revolutionary Warfare2.3 - Constitutional & Legal Methods2.4 - Leadership Qualities & Political Strategies2.5 - Mass Mobilisation & Popular Support2.6 - International Support & Diplomatic Campaigns2.7 - Colonial Powers' Weakness & War-Weariness2.8 - Unity vs Division Within Independence Movements2.9 - Timing, Opportunity & Strategic Decisions2.10 - Economic Leverage & Colonial Dependency2.11 - Ideological & Moral Legitimacy
3.1 - Establishing Political Systems & Governance3.2 - Ethnic, Tribal & Regional Tensions3.3 - Separatist Movements & Territorial Integrity3.4 - Economic Development & Underdevelopment3.5 - Social Inequalities & Class Divisions3.6 - Cultural Identity & Nation-Building3.7 - Maintaining Internal Security & Order3.8 - Relations with Former Colonial Powers3.9 - Cold War Alignments & Foreign Policy3.10 - Border Disputes & Regional Conflicts3.11 - Effectiveness of Responses to Challenges
1.1 - Post-war & Political Upheaval as Catalysts1.2 - Social Factors Driving Democratic Reform1.3 - Economic Factors Demanding Political Change1.4 - External Influences on Democratisation1.5 - Revolutionary Leaders & Democratic Founders1.6 - Development of Political Party Systems1.7 - Constitutional Frameworks & Rights1.8 - Electoral System Design & Participation1.9 - Role of Civil Society & Media1.10 - Challenges to Democratic Consolidation1.11 - Transitional Justice & Reconciliation
2.1 - Immigration & National Identity Debates2.2 - Ideological Evolution: Left-Right Dynamics2.3 - Economic Forces: Growth & Crises2.4 - Foreign Influences During the Cold War2.5 - Economic Crises & Government Responses2.6 - Political Crises & Constitutional Stability2.7 - Social Movements & Civil Unrest2.8 - Women's Suffrage & Gender Equality2.9 - Civil Rights & Racial Equality Movements2.10 - LGBTQ+ Rights & Social Liberalisation2.11 - Minority Rights & Multicultural Challenges2.12 - Regional & Separatist Challenges
3.1 - Education Reform & Expansion3.2 - Social Welfare State Development3.3 - Healthcare Policies & Public Health3.4 - Policies Towards Women: Work & Family3.5 - Anti-discrimination & Minority Protection Laws3.6 - Wealth Distribution & Tax Policy3.7 - Labour Rights & Trade Union Policies3.8 - Impact on Working-class Living Standards3.9 - Middle-class Expansion & Consumerism3.10 - Indigenous Peoples & Marginalised Groups3.11 - Freedom of Expression in Arts & Culture3.12 - Media Freedom & Press Regulation3.13 - Environmental Policies & Sustainability3.14 - Impact of Neoliberal Economic Reforms
1.1 - Economic Crises & Their Political Impact1.2 - Social Division & Class Conflict1.3 - Impact of WWI on European States1.4 - Impact of War & Conflict in Non-European Regions1.5 - Failure of Democratic & Parliamentary Systems1.6 - Weakness of Traditional Political Structures1.7 - Charismatic Leadership & Personal Appeal1.8 - Ideological Foundations & Appeals1.9 - Propaganda & Mass Mobilisation Techniques1.10 - Use of Force, Violence & Paramilitary Groups1.11 - Political Strategy & Legal Manipulation1.12 - Popular Support & Targeted Promises
2.1 - Legal Methods & Constitutional Manipulation2.2 - Terror, Secret Police & Repressive Apparatus2.3 - Charismatic Leadership & Personality Cults2.4 - Propaganda, Censorship & Information Control2.5 - Education & Indoctrination of Youth2.6 - Elimination of Political Opposition2.7 - Control of Civil Society & Intermediate Bodies2.8 - Successful Foreign Policy Enhancing Legitimacy2.9 - Failed Foreign Policy & its Consequences2.10 - Economic Performance & Regime Legitimacy2.11 - Military & Security Forces Control
3.1 - Economic Policy Aims & Ideological Framework3.2 - Economic Policies: Implementation & Results3.3 - Political Restructuring & Single-Party State3.4 - Cultural Policies & Control of Arts3.5 - Social Policies & Engineering Society3.6 - Education Reform & Ideological Training3.7 - Impact on Women: Policies, Roles & Rights3.8 - Treatment of Minorities: Persecution & Exclusion3.9 - Religious Policies & Church Relations3.10 - Extent of Authoritarian Control: Success & Limits3.11 - Foreign Policy Goals & Achievements
1.1 - Economic Causes of War1.2 - Ideological Causes of War1.3 - Political Causes: Domestic & Internal1.4 - Political Causes: International Relations1.5 - Territorial & Border Causes1.6 - Ethnic, Nationalist & Religious Causes1.7 - The Role of Key Leaders & Decision-Making1.8 - The Role of Alliances, Treaties & Diplomacy1.9 - Short-Term Causes: Triggers & Escalation1.10 - Long-Term Causes & Historical Grievances1.11 - Arms Races & Militarisation1.12 - The Failure of Deterrence & Appeasement
2.1 - Types of War: Civil Wars2.2 - Types of War: Wars Between States2.3 - Types of War: Guerrilla Wars2.4 - Technological Developments: Air Warfare2.5 - Technological Developments: Naval Warfare2.6 - Technological Developments: Land Warfare2.7 - Mobilisation of Human Resources2.8 - Mobilisation of Economic Resources2.9 - Foreign Involvement & Intervention2.10 - Intelligence, Propaganda & Psychological Warfare2.11 - Resistance Movements & Partisan Warfare2.12 - Home Front & Total War
3.1 - Successes & Failures of Peacemaking3.2 - Territorial Changes from War3.3 - Political Impact: Short-Term Changes3.4 - Political Impact: Long-Term Changes3.5 - Economic Impact of War3.6 - Social & Demographic Impact3.7 - Changes in Role & Status of Women3.8 - Impact on Civilians & Home Populations3.9 - War Crimes, Justice & Moral Legacy3.10 - Long-Term Legacy, Memory & Commemoration3.11 - Impact on International Organisations & Law
1.1 - Ideological Foundations of Superpower Rivalry1.2 - Breakdown of the Grand Alliance (1943-1945)1.3 - Emergence of Rivalry in Europe (1945-1949)1.4 - Emergence of Rivalry in Asia (1945-1950)1.5 - US Containment Policy & Implementation1.6 - Soviet Consolidation & Response (1947-1953)1.7 - Peaceful Co-existence & Khrushchev's Approach1.8 - Sino-Soviet Split & its Global Impact1.9 - Détente: Causes, Implementation & Limitations1.10 - Arms Race: Development & Implications1.11 - Ideological Challenges & Dissent in Eastern Bloc1.12 - Economic Problems & Declining Soviet Power1.13 - Gorbachev's Reforms & End of Cold War
2.1 - Harry Truman & Origins of US Cold War Policy2.2 - Joseph Stalin & Soviet Cold War Policy2.3 - Nikita Khrushchev & De-Stalinisation Impact2.4 - Mao Zedong & Chinese Cold War Role2.5 - Ronald Reagan & Cold War's Final Phase2.6 - Mikhail Gorbachev & Cold War's End2.7 - Fidel Castro & Cuba's Role2.8 - Other Significant Leaders & Regional Impact2.9 - Economic Impact on USA2.10 - Economic Impact on USSR2.11 - Economic Impact on China2.12 - Social & Cultural Impact on USA2.13 - Social & Cultural Impact on USSR & Eastern Europe2.14 - Social & Cultural Impact Beyond Superpowers
3.1 - Berlin Blockade (1948-1949)3.2 - Korean War (1950-1953)3.3 - Suez Crisis (1956)3.4 - Hungarian Uprising (1956)3.5 - Berlin Wall Crisis (1958-1961)3.6 - Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)3.7 - Prague Spring (1968)3.8 - Chile: US Intervention (1973)3.9 - Angolan Civil War & Cold War Intervention (1975)3.10 - Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan (1979-1989)3.11 - Nicaragua's Contra War (1981-1990)3.12 - Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe (1989)3.13 - Comparative Analysis of Crisis Patterns & Management
Paper 3 – Regional Options
1.1 - Non-Sedentary Political Organisation1.2 - Semi-Sedentary Political Organisation1.3 - Confederations & the Iroquois Model1.4 - Imperial Political Organisation: The Aztec Empire1.5 - Imperial Political Organisation: The Inca Empire1.6 - Warfare & Political Expansion1.7 - Economic Structures: Tribute Systems1.8 - Landholding & Agricultural Production1.9 - Systems of Exchange & Trade1.10 - Religious Beliefs & Polytheism1.11 - Religion & Political Power1.12 - Humanity & Nature: Religious Perspectives1.13 - Written & Unwritten Languages1.14 - Scientific & Artistic Contributions
2.1 - Columbus & the Conquest of the Caribbean2.2 - Cortés & the Conquest of the Aztecs2.3 - Spanish Success Against the Aztecs: Key Factors2.4 - Pizarro & the Conquest of the Incas2.5 - Spanish Success Against the Incas: Key Factors2.6 - Manco Inca's Resistance & Defeat2.7 - French Exploration in North America2.8 - British Exploration in North America2.9 - Economic Impact: Gold, Silver & Resource Exploitation2.10 - The Columbian Exchange & Early Trade2.11 - Treatment of Indigenous Peoples: Laws & Debates2.12 - Treatment: Labour Systems & Social Stratification2.13 - European Rivalries & Territorial Claims
3.1 - The Viceroyalty System in Spanish America3.2 - The Captaincy System in Portuguese America3.3 - Habsburg Rule in Spanish America (1516–1700)3.4 - Early Bourbon & Braganza Rule (1700–1759)3.5 - British Colonial Political Organisation3.6 - French Colonial Political Organisation3.7 - Encomienda, Yanaconaje & Mita Systems3.8 - Plantations, Trade & Mercantilism3.9 - The Role of Gold, Silver & Sugar3.10 - Bourbon Reforms in Spanish America (1760s–1800)3.11 - Pombaline Reforms in Portuguese America (1750–1777)3.12 - Limits of State Power & Resistance to Authority3.13 - Anglo-French Rivalry & Indigenous Alliances (to 1763)3.14 - The French & Indian Wars (1689–1763)
4.1 - Catholic Church Aims in Spanish & Portuguese America4.2 - Social, Political & Cultural Impact of Catholic Church4.3 - Indigenous Resistance to Christianisation4.4 - Jesuits in Spanish & Portuguese America4.5 - Franciscans & Dominicans in the Americas4.6 - Religious Orders: Economic & Political Power4.7 - Indigenous Religions & Christianity: Syncretism4.8 - Religious Tolerance & Intolerance in British America4.9 - The Great Awakening: Origins & Characteristics4.10 - The Great Awakening: Social & Political Impact4.11 - Religion in New France
5.1 - Origins & Reasons for Slavery in the Americas5.2 - Colonial Powers & Establishment of Slavery5.3 - The Asiento System5.4 - Economic Impact of Slavery5.5 - Social Impact of Slavery5.6 - The Middle Passage5.7 - Living & Working Conditions: West Indies5.8 - Living & Working Conditions: Brazil & British America5.9 - Slave Resistance & Rebellions5.10 - Case Study: Stono Rebellion5.11 - Quaker Opposition to Slavery5.12 - Early Abolitionist Movements
6.1 - Causes of Independence Movements: Political & Economic6.2 - Causes of Independence Movements: Social & Religious6.3 - Enlightenment Ideas & Independence6.4 - Foreign Intervention in Independence Movements6.5 - George Washington: Military & Political Contributions6.6 - Simón Bolívar: Ideology & Military Campaigns6.7 - José de San Martín: Military Campaigns6.8 - US Independence: Path to Declaration (1763-1776)6.9 - US Independence: Military Campaigns & Battles6.10 - Latin American Independence: Characteristics & Processes6.11 - Comparative Study: Two Latin American Countries6.12 - Monroe Doctrine: Origins & Nature6.13 - Economic Impact of Independence6.14 - Social Impact of Independence on Different Groups
7.1 - Articles of Confederation & Their Weaknesses7.2 - The Constitutional Convention & the 1787 Constitution7.3 - Constitutional Compromises & Ratification Debates7.4 - Development of the US Political System (1789-1820s)7.5 - Challenges to Latin American Political Systems Post-independence7.6 - Nature & Origins of Caudillo Rule7.7 - Caudillo Rule: Argentina under Juan Manuel de Rosas7.8 - War of 1812: Causes & Course7.9 - War of 1812: Impact on US & British North America7.10 - Mexican-American War: Causes & Course7.11 - Mexican–American War: Effects on the Region7.12 - The 1837 Rebellions in Canada7.13 - Durham Report & Responsible Government7.14 - Canadian Confederation: Path & Challenges7.15 - British North America Act 1867: Provisions & Effects
8.1 - The Cotton Economy & Slavery in the South8.2 - Conditions of Enslavement & Slave Resistance8.3 - The Abolitionist Debate & Movement8.4 - The Nullification Crisis & States' Rights8.5 - Economic & Social Differences: North vs South8.6 - Westward Expansion & Sectional Tensions8.7 - The Crises of the 1850s8.8 - The Path to Secession (1859-1861)8.9 - Comparative Strengths: Union vs Confederacy8.10 - Major Military Campaigns & Turning Points8.11 - Lincoln's Leadership & the Emancipation Proclamation8.12 - Foreign Relations & the War's Outcome8.13 - Presidential Reconstruction (1865-1867)8.14 - Radical Reconstruction (1867-1877)8.15 - The End of Reconstruction & its Legacy
9.1 - Railroad Construction & Industrialisation: USA & Argentina9.2 - Urbanisation & Economic Modernisation: USA & Argentina9.3 - International Trade & Neocolonialism: USA & Argentina9.4 - Immigration Patterns & Consequences: USA & Argentina9.5 - Impact on Indigenous Peoples: USA & Argentina9.6 - Ideological Trends: Liberalism, Positivism, Nationalism9.7 - Ideological Trends: Manifest Destiny, Social Darwinism, Nativism9.8 - Ideological Trends: Progressivism & Indigenismo9.9 - Social & Cultural Developments: USA & Argentina9.10 - Changing Roles of Women: USA & Argentina9.11 - Theodore Roosevelt: Progressive Era Leadership9.12 - Wilfrid Laurier & Canadian Modernisation9.13 - Latin American Leadership: Porfirio Díaz in Mexico9.14 - African Americans in the New South (1865-1900)9.15 - African American Civil Rights Activism (1900-1929)9.16 - The Great Migration & the Harlem Renaissance
10.1 - Roots of US Expansionist Foreign Policy10.2 - US Territorial Expansion: Alaska & Hawaii10.3 - Spanish-American War: Causes & Path to War10.4 - Spanish-American War: Course & Immediate Effects10.5 - Theodore Roosevelt & the Big Stick Policy10.6 - Taft & Dollar Diplomacy10.7 - Wilson & Moral Diplomacy in the Americas10.8 - US Neutrality & Path to World War I Entry10.9 - US Involvement in WWI: Military & Home Front10.10 - Wilson's Peace Ideals & Versailles Treaty10.11 - Canada's Involvement in World War I10.12 - WWI's Impact on Two American Countries
11.1 - Porfiriato: Political Control & Structure11.2 - Porfiriato: Economic Modernisation & Inequality11.3 - Causes of the Mexican Revolution11.4 - Madero & the Early Revolution (1910-1913)11.5 - Revolutionary Leaders: Villa & Zapata11.6 - Carranza & the Constitutionalist Phase11.7 - The 1917 Constitution: Nature & Application11.8 - Obregón & Post-revolutionary State Building11.9 - Calles & Maximato (1924-1934)11.10 - Cárdenas & Renewal of the Revolution11.11 - US Intervention in the Mexican Revolution11.12 - Impact of the Revolution on Society & Culture
12.1 - Causes of the Great Depression in the Americas12.2 - Hoover's Response to the Great Depression12.3 - Franklin D Roosevelt & the First New Deal12.4 - The Second New Deal (1935-1936)12.5 - Critics of the New Deal12.6 - Impact of the New Deal on US Political & Economic Systems12.7 - Canada: Mackenzie King's Response12.8 - Canada: R.B. Bennett's Response12.9 - Impact on Latin America: Political Instability12.10 - Impact on Latin America: Economic & Social Challenges12.11 - Latin American Responses: ISI & Economic Policies12.12 - Impact on Society: Women, Minorities & Culture
13.1 - Hemispheric Reactions to Events in Europe & Asia13.2 - Inter-American Diplomacy & Cooperation (1933–1945)13.3 - Neutrality Policies Across the Americas13.4 - FDR's Good Neighbour Policy: Origins & Application13.5 - Good Neighbour Policy: Effects & Regional Impact13.6 - United States Involvement in WWII13.7 - Brazil's Involvement in WWII13.8 - Mexico's Involvement in WWII13.9 - Social Impact: Women & Wartime Transformation13.10 - Social Impact: Minorities, Conscription & Inclusion13.11 - Treatment of Japanese Populations in the Americas13.12 - US Use of Atomic Weapons: Reasons for Decision13.13 - US Use of Atomic Weapons: Significance & Impact13.14 - Economic Effects of WWII: United States & Brazil13.15 - Diplomatic Effects of WWII in the Americas
14.1 - The Cuban Revolution: Political Causes14.2 - The Cuban Revolution: Social & Economic Causes14.3 - Castro's Rise & Consolidation of Power (1959–1962)14.4 - Castro's Economic & Political Policies14.5 - Castro's Social & Cultural Policies14.6 - Castro's Treatment of Opposition & Regional Impact14.7 - Populist Leadership: Juan Perón in Argentina14.8 - Populist Policies & Legacy: Perón's Argentina14.9 - Populist Leadership: Getúlio Vargas in Brazil14.10 - Populist Policies & Crisis: Vargas's Brazil14.11 - Democracy in Crisis: Causes of Failure14.12 - Military Dictatorship: Chile Under Pinochet (1973–1990)14.13 - Military Dictatorship: Pinochet's Policies & Legacy14.14 - Guerrilla Movements: Peru's Shining Path14.15 - Liberation Theology: Origins & Development14.16 - Liberation Theology: Impact & Controversy
15.1 - Truman & the Fair Deal (1945–1953)15.2 - Eisenhower's Domestic Policies (1953–1961)15.3 - Kennedy & the New Frontier (1961–1963)15.4 - Johnson & the Great Society (1963–1969)15.5 - Nixon's Domestic Policies (1969–1974)15.6 - Watergate, Ford & Political Crisis (1972–1977)15.7 - Carter's Domestic Policies (1977–1981)15.8 - Political Party Changes & Electoral Impact (1960s–1970s)15.9 - Canadian Leadership: St Laurent & Diefenbaker15.10 - Canadian Leadership: Pearson's Social & Political Change15.11 - Canadian Leadership: Trudeau's Policies & Vision15.12 - The Quiet Revolution in Quebec: Causes15.13 - The Quiet Revolution in Quebec: Effects15.14 - Quebec Nationalism & the FLQ15.15 - The October Crisis of 1970
16.1 - Truman & the Doctrine of Containment16.2 - The Rise of McCarthyism & Domestic Cold War16.3 - Social & Cultural Impact of the Cold War16.4 - The Korean War & the Americas (1950–1953)16.5 - Eisenhower & Dulles: The New Look Policy16.6 - The Cuban Revolution & Cold War Tensions16.7 - US Involvement in Vietnam & Americas' Responses16.8 - Kennedy's Alliance for Progress16.9 - Nixon's Covert Operations & Chile16.10 - Carter's Human Rights Policy & Panama Canal Treaty16.11 - Case Study: Cold War in Nicaragua16.12 - Cold War & Regional Organisations
17.1 - Indigenous Peoples' Rights Movements in the Americas17.2 - Origins of the African American Civil Rights Movement17.3 - Brown v. Board of Education & School Desegregation17.4 - Montgomery Bus Boycott & Direct Action Tactics17.5 - Sit-Ins, Freedom Rides & Student Activism17.6 - Martin Luther King Jr & Non-Violent Resistance17.7 - Ending Segregation in the South (1955–1980)17.8 - Black Power, Malcolm X & Radical Activism (1965–1968)17.9 - Government Roles in Civil Rights Movements17.10 - Feminist Movements in the Americas17.11 - Hispanic American Movements & Cesar Chavez17.12 - Youth Culture & Counter-Culture (1960s–1970s)
18.1 - Reagan's Domestic Policies & Reaganomics18.2 - Reagan & GHW Bush: Cold War Foreign Policy18.3 - Clinton's Domestic & Foreign Policies (1993–2001)18.4 - Canadian Politics: Mulroney to Chrétien18.5 - Case Studies: Democratic Transitions in Latin America18.6 - Post-transition Challenges in Latin America18.7 - Case Studies: Violent & Non-violent Movements18.8 - Economic & Political Cooperation in the Americas18.9 - Neoliberalism & the Washington Consensus18.10 - The War on Drugs & its Impact18.11 - Terrorism & 9/11: Impact on the Americas18.12 - Social & Cultural Changes in the Americas
1.1 - Pre-Norman England & Impact of 10661.2 - William I's Conquest & Establishment of Authority1.3 - Norman Government & Administration in England1.4 - Domesday Book & Royal Power1.5 - Henry I's Consolidation of Norman Rule1.6 - Angevin Empire: Henry II's Accession & Territories1.7 - Henry II's Governmental & Legal Reforms1.8 - Henry II's Policies in Ireland & Europe1.9 - Norman-Angevin Relations with France1.10 - Richard I & John: Warfare & Loss of Normandy1.11 - Capetian Expansion: Louis VI & Louis VII1.12 - Philip II & the Consolidation of Royal Power1.13 - Comparative Nature of Royal Government
2.1 - Crusades & Growing Hostility to Muslims2.2 - Christian Doctrine & Anti-Muslim Sentiment2.3 - Muslim States in Spain & Sicily2.4 - Christian Opposition to Muslim Spain2.5 - Warfare & Borders: Christian-Muslim Conflict2.6 - Consequences of Christian-Muslim Conflict2.7 - Jewish Contributions to Medieval Europe2.8 - Early Persecution: Crusades & Religious Hysteria2.9 - Black Death & Scapegoating of Jews2.10 - Expulsions & Segregation of Jewish Communities2.11 - Long-term Impact of Jewish Persecution
3.1 - Edward II & the Crisis of Royal Authority3.2 - Richard II & Challenges to Kingship3.3 - Origins & Early Phase of Hundred Years War3.4 - Hundred Years War: 1360–13893.5 - Hundred Years War: Agincourt to Joan of Arc3.6 - Final Phase & Consequences of Hundred Years War3.7 - Rise of Ducal Burgundy (1363–1419)3.8 - Burgundy at its Height: Philip the Good3.9 - Charles the Bold & the Fall of Burgundy3.10 - Henry VI & the Weakness of Lancastrian Kingship3.11 - Wars of the Roses: Causes & Opening Phases3.12 - Wars of the Roses: Edward IV & Yorkist Rule3.13 - Louis XI & the Strengthening of French Monarchy3.14 - Impact of Wars of the Roses on England
4.1 - Origins & Causes of the Italian Renaissance4.2 - Social & Political Situation in Florence4.3 - The Rise of the Medici in Florence4.4 - Government & Politics in Milan4.5 - The Venetian Republic & Governance4.6 - Lorenzo de Medici as Patron & Ruler4.7 - Ludovico Sforza & Milanese Patronage4.8 - Papal Patronage & Renaissance Rome4.9 - Renaissance Humanism & Political Thought4.10 - Renaissance Literature & Cultural Impact4.11 - The Northern Renaissance in Burgundy4.12 - The Northern Renaissance in Germany4.13 - Case Study: Renaissance in France
5.1 - Religious Motivations for Exploration5.2 - Economic & Political Motives for Exploration5.3 - Quest for Knowledge & Geographical Understanding5.4 - Technological Enablers of Exploration5.5 - Henry the Navigator & Portuguese Patronage5.6 - Portuguese Exploration of West Africa5.7 - Portuguese Exploration of the Indian Ocean5.8 - Columbus & Exploration of the New World5.9 - Early Spanish Exploration in the Americas5.10 - Magellan & the Circumnavigation5.11 - The Treaty of Tordesillas & its Impact5.12 - Economic Impact on Europe to 15505.13 - The Columbian Exchange & Consequences
6.1 - The Catholic Church at the Start of the 16th Century6.2 - Erasmus & Christian Humanism6.3 - Luther's Early Life & Religious Crisis6.4 - The Indulgence Controversy & the 95 Theses6.5 - The Church's Response to Luther (1518-1520)6.6 - Luther at the Diet of Worms (1521)6.7 - The Printing Press & Spread of Lutheran Ideas6.8 - Frederick the Wise & Political Support for Luther6.9 - Imperial Diets & Emerging Religious Division6.10 - Luther's Relationship with Melanchthon & Zwingli6.11 - Social Unrest: Knights' Revolt & Peasants' War6.12 - Radical Reformation & Anabaptism6.13 - Formation of the Schmalkaldic League6.14 - The Schmalkaldic War & Peace of Augsburg (1546-1555)6.15 - Catholic Response: Spiritual Movements & Reform6.16 - Loyola & the Jesuits6.17 - Papal Reform: Paul III, Paul IV & Pius IV6.18 - The Roman Inquisition & Index6.19 - The Council of Trent: Convening & Challenges (1545-1547)6.20 - The Council of Trent: Conclusion & Decrees (1551-1563)
7.1 - The Scientific Revolution7.2 - Core Enlightenment Ideas & Goals7.3 - Enlightenment Ideas & Impact in France7.4 - Enlightenment Ideas & Impact in Scotland7.5 - Absolutism: Louis XIV of France (1643–1715)7.6 - Absolutism: Peter the Great of Russia (1682–1725)7.7 - Enlightened Despotism: Frederick II (The Great) of Prussia (1740–1786)7.8 - Enlightened Despotism: Joseph II of Austria (1780–1790)7.9 - Social & Economic Change: Growth of Cities7.10 - Social & Economic Change: Agricultural Revolution7.11 - Monarchy, Patronage & the Arts7.12 - The Baroque Movement & Artistic Trends
8.1 - Crisis of the Ancien Régime: Intellectual & Political Challenges8.2 - Crisis of the Ancien Régime: Social, Financial & Economic Challenges8.3 - 1789: Outbreak of Revolution8.4 - Constitutional Monarchy (1789–1792)8.5 - Fall of the Monarchy & Establishment of the Republic8.6 - The Terror & Robespierre (1793–1794)8.7 - Impact of the Revolution: Thermidorian Reaction & Revolutionary Legacy8.8 - The Directory (1795–1799)8.9 - Napoleon's Rise to Power (1799–1804)8.10 - Napoleon's Domestic Policies & Impact on France8.11 - Napoleonic Wars & Foreign Policy (1803–1815)8.12 - Collapse of the Napoleonic Empire & The Hundred Days
9.1 - Congress of Vienna & The Bourbon Restoration9.2 - Reign of Louis XVIII (1815–1824)9.3 - Charles X & The July Revolution of 18309.4 - The July Monarchy of Louis-Philippe (1830–1848)9.5 - Revolution of 1848 & The Second Republic9.6 - Louis-Napoleon & Establishment of the Second Empire9.7 - Napoleon III's Domestic Policies (1852–1870)9.8 - Napoleon III's Foreign Policy (1852–1870)9.9 - Establishment of the Third Republic (1871–1890)9.10 - The Boulanger Crisis (1887–1891)9.11 - The Dreyfus Affair (1894–1906)9.12 - Third Republic: Political Extremes & Corruption (1890–1914)
10.1 - Post-Napoleonic Britain & Social Unrest10.2 - The Peterloo Massacre & its Consequences10.3 - Chartism: Origins, Demands & First Phase10.4 - Chartism: Second Phase & Ultimate Failure10.5 - Sir Robert Peel & the Corn Laws Crisis10.6 - The Irish Famine & British Response10.7 - Reform Acts: 1832 & Extension of Franchise10.8 - Reform Acts: 1867 & 1884–1885 Extensions10.9 - Victorian Society & the Condition of England10.10 - Victorian Social Reforms & Public Health10.11 - Disraeli, Gladstone & Victorian Politics10.12 - The Irish Question: Home Rule & Land Reform10.13 - Salisbury's Conservatism & Late Victorian Britain10.14 - The Emergence of the Labour Party10.15 - Lloyd George & Liberal Social Reforms10.16 - Suffragettes & the Women's Suffrage Movement10.17 - Irish Home Rule Crisis (1910–1914)10.18 - Trade Unions & Industrial Unrest (1910–1914)
11.1 - Impact of Congress of Vienna on Italy & Germany11.2 - Austrian Dominance & Metternich's System in Italy11.3 - Italian Nationalism & Liberalism (1815–1848)11.4 - Attempted Italian Revolutions (1820–1844)11.5 - The 1848–1849 Revolutions in Italy11.6 - Cavour & Piedmontese Leadership of Unification11.7 - Garibaldi & the Expedition of the Thousand11.8 - Completion of Italian Unification (1861–1871)11.9 - German Nationalism & Liberalism (1815–1848)11.10 - Economic & Social Change in Pre-1848 Germany11.11 - The 1848–1849 Revolutions in Germany11.12 - The Rise of Prussia & Decline of Austria11.13 - Bismarck & Prussian Strategy for Unification11.14 - The Wars of German Unification (1864–1871)11.15 - The 1871 German Constitution & State Structure11.16 - Bismarck's Domestic Policies: The Kulturkampf11.17 - Bismarck's Anti-Socialist Campaign11.18 - Germany Under Bismarck: Consolidation & Tensions
12.1 - Alexander II & the Great Reforms (1855–1861)12.2 - Alexander II: Reform & Reaction (1866–1881)12.3 - Alexander III & Counter-Reform (1881–1894)12.4 - Nicholas II: Autocracy Under Strain (1894–1904)12.5 - The Russo-Japanese War & its Consequences12.6 - The 1905 Revolution: Bloody Sunday to October12.7 - Stolypin & the Dumas (1906–1914)12.8 - Economic Development & Social Change (1906–1914)12.9 - The Impact of the First World War (1914–1917)12.10 - The February/March Revolution 191712.11 - The Provisional Government & Dual Power12.12 - Lenin, Trotsky & the October/November Revolution12.13 - The Constituent Assembly & Civil War Origins12.14 - The Russian Civil War (1918–1921)12.15 - War Communism (1918–1921)12.16 - The New Economic Policy (NEP) 1921–192812.17 - Lenin's Legacy & Early Soviet State (1917–1924)
13.1 - European Diplomacy & the Balance of Power (1871–1890)13.2 - Imperial Expansion & Diplomatic Tensions (1880s–1914)13.3 - Wilhelm II's Foreign Policy & the End of Bismarckian Diplomacy13.4 - The Alliance System & Arms Race13.5 - Balkan Nationalism & the Decline of the Ottoman Empire13.6 - The July Crisis of 191413.7 - Long-Term Causes of the First World War13.8 - The Home Front: Civilian Impact in Two Countries (1914–1918)13.9 - Strategic & Economic Factors in the Defeat of the Central Powers13.10 - The Entry & Role of the United States13.11 - Domestic Instability in the Central Powers (1917–1918)13.12 - The Conduct & Experience of the War
14.1 - Weimar Germany: Constitutional & Political Challenges (1918–1923)14.2 - Weimar Germany: Economic Crisis & Hyperinflation (1918–1923)14.3 - Weimar Germany: The Stresemann Era (1924–1929)14.4 - Weimar Germany: The Crisis Years & Rise of Hitler (1929–1933)14.5 - Nazi Germany: Consolidation of Power (1933–1934)14.6 - Nazi Germany: Economic Policies (1933–1939)14.7 - Nazi Germany: Social Policies & The Volksgemeinschaft14.8 - Nazi Germany: Racial Policies & Persecution (1933–1939)14.9 - Nazi Germany: Nature of the Nazi State & Resistance14.10 - Fascist Italy: The Rise of Mussolini (1918–1922)14.11 - Fascist Italy: Consolidation of Dictatorship (1922–1929)14.12 - Fascist Italy: Domestic Policies (1922–1939)14.13 - Spain: Political & Social Instability (1918–1931)14.14 - Spain: Primo de Rivera's Dictatorship (1923–1930)14.15 - Spain: The Second Republic & Polarisation (1931–1936)14.16 - Spain: The Civil War - Causes & Outbreak (1936)14.17 - Spain: The Civil War - Foreign Involvement & Course (1936–1939)14.18 - Spain: Reasons for Nationalist Victory14.19 - Case Study: France in the Inter-war Years (1918–1939)
15.1 - The Paris Peace Conference & Versailles Treaty15.2 - The Paris Peace Treaties: St Germain, Trianon & Neuilly15.3 - The Treaty of Sèvres & the Treaty of Lausanne15.4 - The League of Nations: Structure & Early Operations15.5 - The Successor States & Minority Problems15.6 - Collective Security in the 1920s: Locarno & Kellogg-Briand15.7 - The Collapse of Collective Security: Manchuria & Abyssinia15.8 - Italian Foreign Policy (1919–1941): From Versailles to Axis15.9 - German Foreign Policy (1919–1933): Weimar Revisionism15.10 - German Foreign Policy (1933–1939): Hitler's Expansionism15.11 - British Foreign Policy & Appeasement (1919–1939)15.12 - French Foreign Policy (1919–1939): Security Obsession to Defeat15.13 - Soviet Foreign Policy (1919–1939): From Isolation to Non-Aggression15.14 - The Munich Crisis & the End of Appeasement (1938–1939)15.15 - The Outbreak of the Second World War (1939)15.16 - The Second World War: Axis Expansion (1939–1941)15.17 - The Wartime Alliance & the Defeat of the Axis Powers (1941–1945)15.18 - Economic & Strategic Factors in Allied Victory15.19 - Case Studies: Impact of War on Civilians in Germany & Soviet Union
16.1 - Stalin's Struggle for Power (1924–1929)16.2 - Collectivisation of Agriculture16.3 - The Five-Year Plans & Industrialisation16.4 - Government, Propaganda & Cult of Personality16.5 - The Purges & Great Terror (1934–1938)16.6 - The Great Patriotic War (1941–1945)16.7 - Post-war Soviet Union (1945–1953)16.8 - Khrushchev's Domestic Policies (1953–1964)16.9 - Khrushchev's Foreign Policy & Coexistence16.10 - Brezhnev's Domestic Policies (1964–1982)16.11 - Brezhnev's Foreign Policy & Détente16.12 - Gorbachev's Reforms: Glasnost & Perestroika16.13 - Collapse of the Soviet Union (1989–1991)16.14 - Post-Soviet Russia: Yeltsin Era (1991–2000)
17.1 - Cold War Origins & Impact on Germany17.2 - Marshall Plan & Economic Recovery17.3 - France: Reconstruction & the Fourth Republic17.4 - De Gaulle & the Fifth Republic (1958–1969)17.5 - West Germany: Adenauer Era (1949–1963)17.6 - West Germany: From Grand Coalition to Reunification17.7 - Social & Cultural Change in West Germany17.8 - Spain: Franco's Dictatorship (1939–1975)17.9 - Spain: Transition to Democracy (1975–1982)17.10 - Spain: Democratic Consolidation (1982–2000)17.11 - Case Study: Cold War & Britain
18.1 - Establishment of Soviet Control (1945–1955)18.2 - COMECON & the Warsaw Pact18.3 - Tito's Yugoslavia & Challenge to Soviet Control18.4 - East Germany: Stalinism to Berlin Wall18.5 - Poland & Hungary: Uprisings & Reform Attempts18.6 - Czechoslovakia: Prague Spring & Normalisation18.7 - Opposition & Dissent in Eastern Europe (1968–1989)18.8 - Economic Decline & Gorbachev's Impact18.9 - Collapse of Communist Regimes (1989–1991)18.10 - The Balkan Conflicts & Milošević18.11 - Case Study: Post-communist Challenges in Poland