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{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

What 'particle theory' (or 'kinetic theory') is, and what its limitations are
How it explains the 3 states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas
How gaining and losing heat can cause matter to change state

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

What diffusion is
The diffusion of bromine gas in air
The diffusion of potassium manganate(VII) in water
The diffusion and reaction of ammonia and hydrogen chloride

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

The structure of atoms
The properties of protons, neutrons, and electrons
How to read the periodic table

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

What elements are
The definition of an isotope
How to calculate relative atomic mass

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

How electrons are arranged into energy levels, or 'shells'
How to work out the electron configuration of atoms and ions

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

The arrangement of the periodic table
What a 'group' is on the periodic table
What a 'period' is on the periodic table

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

What compounds are
What molecules are
What mixtures are

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

How ions are made
Why some elements are more likely to form ions than others
How to write equations for the ionisation of an atom

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

The principles of ionic bond formation
How to draw ionic bonds using dot and cross diagrams

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

The structure of ionic compounds
The properties of ionic compounds
How to work out the formula of an ionic compound

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

The structure and formation of covalent bonds
The different ways we can represent covalent bonds
The different types of covalent structures

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

The structure and properties of simple molecular substances
The structure and properties of giant covalent structures

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

The definition of an 'allotrope'
The structure and properties of diamond and graphite

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

How metallic bonding works in metals
The differences between alloys and pure metals

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

How to write and balance chemical equations

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

The meaning of 'gram formula mass', which throughout this lesson is called 'relative formula mass'
The meaning of 'relative atomic mass'
How to find the relative atomic mass and relative formula mass using the periodic table
How to find the 'percentage by mass' of an element

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

What the term 'mole' means
What 'Avogadro's constant' is, and how to use it

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

How to use balanced equations to find the moles or masses of reactants or products
E.g. 'Calculate the mass of sodium oxide that can be made by completely burning 5.0g of sodium in oxygen'.

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

What a 'limiting' reactant is
What it means for a reactant to be in 'excess'
How limiting reactants and excess reactants affect the amount of product produced

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

What 'percentage yield' is, and how to calculate it
Why percentage yield may be less than 100%

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

What a 'molecular formula' is
What an 'empirical formula' is

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

How to find the concentration of a solution in grams per dm³ (g/dm³)

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

What a titration is
The equipment used in a titration
The steps in carrying out a titration
The indicators used in titrations

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

How to convert between moles and volume, for gases only
How to use the equation 'volume = moles x 24'

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

How electrolysis can be used to split compounds
The equipment required for electrolysis
How electrons are passed around the circuit

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

How electrolysis can be used to separate reactive metals from their ores
The case of extracting aluminium from aluminium oxide

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

How aqueous electrolysis works
How it can be used to separate soluble compounds

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

What a 'fuel cell' is
How a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell works
The pros and cons of a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

The process of electroplating
The reasons why some metal objects are electroplated

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

What exothermic and endothermic mean
How to represent exothermic and endothermic reactions using reaction profiles (also known as energy level diagrams)
What activation energy is, and how to show it on a reaction profile

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

How to use bond energies to calculate the energy change in a reaction
How to use the energy change to determine whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

The definition of specific heat capacity
The enthalpy equation
How to calculate the enthalpy change of a reaction
How to calculate molar enthalpy of fuels

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

How to measure & calculate the rate of a reaction
How to interpret the rate of a reaction from a graph

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

What 'collision theory' is
How temperature, concentration/pressure, surface area, and catalysts, all affect the rate of reaction
What 'activation energy' is
How activation energy is represented on a reaction profile

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

How to calculate the mean rate of reaction from a graph
How to calculate the rate of reaction at a specific time from a graph

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

What 'reversible reactions' are
What the terms 'equilibrium' and 'position of equilibrium' mean
How temperature affects the position of equilibrium

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

What 'Le Chatalier's principle' is
How temperature affects the position of equilibrium
How pressure affects the position of equilibrium
How concentration affects the position of equilibrium

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

The three key stages involved in the contact process for producing sulfuric acid
The optimal conditions in industry for maximising yield and reaction rate
The effects of temperature, pressure, and catalysts on the equilibrium position

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

What 'the Haber process' is and why it's so important
How the reaction works
Why the conditions of 450°C and 200 atm are used

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

The definitions of 'oxidation' and 'reduction'
How redox reactions occur
How to write ionic equations and half equations

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

Understanding what oxidation numbers represent and some key rules for determining them
Calculating oxidation numbers for atoms in compounds, ions, and uncombined elements
Using oxidation numbers to identify oxidation and reduction in redox reactions
Examples of common oxidising and reducing agents
Observing oxidisation and reduction through colour changes and oxidation number shifts

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

What the pH scale is
How we can measure the pH of a solution
The definitions of acids, alkalis, and bases
Examples of neutralisation reactions

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

The differences between strong and weak acids
The relationship between a solution's pH, and the concentration of hydrogen ions
The difference between the terms 'strength' and 'concentration'

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

The reactions of acids with metal oxides
The reactions of acids with metal hydroxides
The reactions of acids with metal carbonates
How to react an acid and base and obtain insoluble salt crystals

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

How to categorise oxides as acidic, basic, or amphoteric
The factors that determine if an oxide will be acidic, basic, or amphoteric
Examples of acidic, basic, and amphoteric oxides

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

How to tell whether a salt will be soluble or insoluble

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

The properties of the alkali metals (group 1 elements)
The reactions of group 1 metals with water, chlorine, and oxygen
Why the reactivity of alkali metals increases as you go down the group

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

The properties of the halogens (group 7 elements)
Reactions of halogens with metals
Displacement reactions among the halogens
Properties of the noble gases (group 0 elements)

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

The properties of metals and non-metals
The features of transition metals

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

The reactions of metals with acid and water
The features of the reactivity series
The mechanism of displacement reactions

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

What 'corrosion' is
What 'rusting' is
How to prevent rusting
The difference between 'barrier methods' and 'sacrificial methods'

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

How to separate pure metals from metal oxides
The definitions of oxidation and reduction
How carbon can be used to obtain some metals from ores

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

The three main sources of waste water: households, agriculture, and industry
The different stages of waste water treatment
What happens to the water after it's been treated

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

What we mean by 'potable' water
The three criteria for potable water
The steps involved in producing potable water
What 'desalination' is, and how it works

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

What fertilisers are
Why we use fertilisers
How we make fertilisers

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

The composition of gases in the atmosphere
How magnesium, hydrogen, and sulfur burn in oxygen
How thermal decomposition of metal carbonates produces carbon dioxide

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

The difference between complete and incomplete combustion of fossil fuels
How carbon monoxide and particulates are harmful
How pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are formed, and what harm they do

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

The differences between 'global warming' and 'climate change'
What causes global warming and climate change
Some of the consequences of global warming and climate change

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

What 'organic chemistry' is
What a 'hydrocarbon' is
What an 'alkane' is
The alkanes general formula
What 'saturated' means for alkanes

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

The properties and trends of alkanes
The chemical equation for the combustion of alkanes

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

How longer hydrocarbons can be broken down into shorter hydrocarbons through 'cracking'
The two types of cracking reactions: 'catalytic cracking' and 'steam cracking'
How to complete a balanced chemical equation for cracking
An introduction to 'alkenes'
The 'bromine water test' to distinguish between alkenes and alkanes

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

What 'alcohols' are
The properties of alcohols
The uses of alcohols

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

What ethanol is & why it's important
How ethanol can be produced by fermentation

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

What 'carboxylic acids' are
Why carboxylic acids are classed as weak acids
How carboxylic acids are made

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

The features of 'esters'
The uses of esters
How esters are formed from carboxylic acids and alcohols

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

How alkenes can combine in an 'addition reaction' to become a long chain polymer
How to the draw 'monomer units' and 'repeating units' of a polymer
How to name polymers

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

What 'condensation polymers' are
How dicarboxylic acids and diols can form polyesters
Why condensation polymers are biodegradable

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

How amino acids combine to form 'polypeptides' (and proteins)
How nucleotides combine to form 'nucleic acids' (and DNA)
How sugars combine to form carbohydrates

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

What the field of chemical analysis is
What a 'pure' substance is
How pure substances can be identified by their melting and boiling points
What a 'formulation' is

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

How paper chromatography works
What the terms 'mobile phase' and 'stationary phase' mean
How to calculate Rf values

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

The process of simple distillation
The process of fractional distillation

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

What 'crude oil' is
How crude oil is formed
How to separate crude oil into its separate components, using fractional distillation

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

The definitions of solute, solvent, and solution
The processes of filtration, evaporation, and crystallisation

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

How to test for carbonate ions using hydrochloric acid and limewater
How to test for sulfate ions using hydrochloric acid and barium chloride
How to test for halide ions using nitric acid and silver nitrate

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

What 'cations' are
How the 'flame test' for cations works
What happens when cations react with sodium hydroxide

{subtopic}

This lesson covers:

How to test for the gases chlorine, oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide

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