2.5 - Writing to Argue, Persuade & Inform
Understanding the purposes of writing to argue, persuade and inform
Non-fiction writing often aims to argue, persuade or inform. These purposes help writers share ideas, opinions or facts in texts like speeches and articles. Arguing presents a balanced case with evidence to support a viewpoint, persuading tries to convince readers to agree or take action, and informing delivers clear information without bias.
Key differences between the purposes
- Arguing - Builds a logical case for or against something, using evidence like facts or examples to prove a point. It often acknowledges counter-arguments to strengthen the position
- Persuading - Focuses on influencing emotions or beliefs, encouraging the reader to change their mind or act. It uses strong appeals to make the message compelling
- Informing - Provides straightforward facts, explanations or instructions without trying to sway opinions. The goal is clarity and accuracy
These purposes can overlap; for example, a speech might inform while persuading, but understanding them helps choose the right approach for your writing.
Key persuasive techniques and rhetorical devices
Persuasive techniques and rhetorical devices make writing more engaging and convincing. They are essential in arguing and persuading, and can enhance informing by making facts memorable. Writers use them to connect with readers emotionally, logically or ethically.
Persuasive techniques
These are methods to build a strong case and influence the reader.
| Technique | Definition | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Emotive language | Words that appeal to feelings like fear, hope or anger to create an emotional response | "The heartbreaking sight of polluted rivers demands urgent action" |
| Facts and statistics | Reliable data or numbers to provide evidence and build credibility | "Over 80% of schools report improved attendance with better facilities" |
| Expert opinions | Quotes from authorities to support arguments and add weight | "As climate scientist Dr Smith states, 'We must act now to prevent disaster'" |
| Rhetorical questions | Questions that don't need answers, used to make readers think or agree | "Isn't it time we protected our environment for future generations?" |
| Repetition | Repeating words or phrases for emphasis and to reinforce key ideas | "We need change now, change for the better, change that lasts" |
Rhetorical devices
These are language tools that add style and impact, often used in speeches and articles to make points stick.
| Device | Definition | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Rule of three | Listing three related ideas or items for rhythm and memorability | "Education, opportunity and equality for all" |
| Alliteration | Repeating the same initial sound in words to create a catchy effect | "Powerful policies for a prosperous future" |
| Metaphor | Describing something as if it is something else to make ideas vivid | "Social media is a double-edged sword, cutting through isolation but wounding privacy" |
| Hyperbole | Exaggeration for emphasis or humour | "This policy will save the world from total chaos" |
| Anecdote | A short personal story to illustrate a point and engage readers | "I remember when my local park was a rubbish dump; now it's a community haven" |
Logical organisation and structure for effective texts
Organising writing logically ensures ideas flow clearly, making arguments, persuasions or information easy to follow. A strong structure guides the reader from introduction to conclusion, building a coherent message.
Basic structure for non-fiction texts
Most texts follow this pattern, adapted for speeches or articles.
Introduction:
Start with a hook like a question or fact to grab attention, then state the main purpose or viewpoint.
Body:
Develop key points with evidence, using paragraphs for each idea. In arguments, include counter-points and rebuttals.
Conclusion:
Summarise main ideas and end with a strong call to action or final thought.
Tips for logical flow
- Topic sentences - Begin each paragraph with a clear sentence stating the main idea
- Connectives - Use words like "furthermore", "however" or "in addition" to link ideas smoothly
- Balance - In arguing, present both sides fairly before reinforcing your view
- Clarity in informing - Use headings, bullet points or numbered lists to break down complex information
For example, in an article persuading against junk food ads, the introduction might hook with "Did you know junk food ads target children?", the body could explain health impacts with statistics, and the conclusion call for a ban.
Adapting tone and language for different audiences
Tone is the attitude or feeling conveyed in writing, influenced by word choice, sentence length and formality. Adapting it to the audience ensures the message lands effectively, whether in a formal speech or casual article.
Factors to consider for tone
- Audience age and knowledge - Use simple language for younger readers, more complex terms for experts
- Purpose and context - Formal tone for serious arguments, enthusiastic for persuasion, neutral for informing
- Formality levels - Avoid slang in formal texts; use contractions like "don't" for informal ones
Examples of adapting tone
- Formal tone for a speech to adults - Polite, objective language: "It is essential that we address this issue promptly"
- Informal tone for an article for teens - Friendly, direct: "Come on, who doesn't love a good park hangout? Let's make it happen!"
- Persuasive tone for mixed audiences - Mix emotive words with facts: "Imagine a world without poverty; with your help, it's possible"
Adjusting tone builds trust and engagement; for instance, a charity article for families might use warm, hopeful language to persuade donations.
Examples in speeches and articles
Applying these elements in real texts shows how they work together. Here are worked examples from a speech and an article.
Example speech - Persuading for school uniforms
Structure and techniques:
- Introduction - Hook with rhetorical question: "Why should what we wear define who we are?"
- Body - Use facts: "Uniforms reduce bullying by 30% according to studies", and emotive language: "No more stress over trendy clothes"
- Conclusion - Rule of three: "Equality, focus and community: that's what uniforms bring"
This speech uses persuasive techniques to argue for change, with a formal yet approachable tone for students and teachers.
Example article - Informing about recycling
Structure and techniques:
- Introduction - State purpose: "Recycling helps protect our planet: here's how to do it right"
- Body - Logical sections with lists: "Sort plastics, paper and glass into categories: Plastics (bottles and bags); Paper (newspapers and cardboard)"
- Conclusion - Summarise: "Simple steps make a big difference"
This article informs clearly with neutral tone, using bullet points for organisation and examples like "Recycle your old newspaper instead of binning it" to illustrate points.