Understanding subcultures

A subculture is a minority group whose members share specific values, norms, beliefs, dress codes, and behaviours that distinguish them from the dominant mainstream culture they live alongside. These groups may face hostility or discrimination if seen as challenging the established order.

Examples of subcultures in the UK

• Age - Young people might form delinquent subcultures in schools if they feel disaffected, or adopt spectacular youth styles like goths, who use androgynous clothing and outlooks to express alternative worldviews.
• Political beliefs - Some subcultures embrace radical lifestyles, such as environmental activists or squatters, which reject mainstream societal norms in favour of alternative living.
• Ethnicity - Minority ethnic groups may maintain traditions from their origins, including eating traditional foods, following customs, or using satellite television to stay connected to their country of origin.
• Religion - Members of certain religious groups stand out through visible practices, such as wearing specific religious dress or celebrating particular customs and traditions.

Cultural diversity

When a society includes many subcultures, it becomes culturally diverse. This means the society contains a variety of cultural or ethnic groups.

High culture and popular culture

High culture

High culture refers to cultural products and activities that receive exceptionally high status because they are seen as representing the finest achievements of humanity. These are considered superior and improving for those who participate in them.

Popular culture

Popular culture consists of activities and products enjoyed by the mass of the population. Examples include watching television, going to the cinema, listening to pop music, and reading popular fiction like the Harry Potter series.

Global culture and globalisation

Global culture describes the increasing universality of certain cultural products and services, which are produced and marketed worldwide by large companies. Transnational corporations are large companies that operate across multiple countries, buying and selling goods globally. Examples include brands like Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Google, Apple, and Amazon, whose products are recognised and consumed everywhere.

Identity in a global society

Identity refers to how individuals see themselves and how others perceive them. In a global society like the UK, people consume films, music, TV programmes, food, and drink from around the world.

Consumer culture and materialism

In consumer cultures, the mass media and advertising promote materialism and consumerism. Shopping becomes a major leisure activity, and conspicuous consumption involves acquiring high-status goods and brands to display wealth and identity.