Isotopes have different numbers of neutrons

Elements are defined as:

Substance made up of only one type of atom, where all the atoms of a substance have the same number of protons.

Isotopes are defined as:

Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Most elements are made up of a mixture of isotopes.

For example, chlorine has two main naturally occurring isotopes: ³⁵Cl and ³⁷Cl:

Both isotopes have the same number of protons (17) and electrons (17) but different mass numbers due to the different numbers of neutrons.

Chemical vs physical properties of isotopes

Chemical properties:

• Isotopes have the same electron configuration.
• This means they have the same chemical properties (e.g. reactivity).

Physical properties:

• Isotopes have slightly different physical properties (e.g. mass and density).
• This is because physical properties depend on atomic mass.

Relative masses compare to carbon-12

Atoms have tiny absolute masses that are impractical to measure directly. Instead, the mass of one atom is compared to 1/12^th the mass of a carbon-12 atom. This is the atom's relative mass.

Key definitions:

Relative isotopic mass - The mass of an atom of an isotope compared to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

• Relative isotopic mass is specific to a particular isotope of an element.
• It is usually very close to being a whole number.
• At A level, relative isotopic masses are rounded to one decimal place.
• E.g. The relative isotopic masses of the two main chlorine isotopes (³⁵Cl and ³⁷Cl) are 35.0 and 37.0 respectively.

Relative atomic mass (A_r_) - The weighted mean mass of an atom of an element compared to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

• A_r is an average of the masses of all the isotopes of an element, weighted according to their natural abundances.
• Since it's an average, A_r_ is not usually a whole number.
• The next section explains how to calculate relative atomic mass from isotopic abundances.

Relative molecular mass (M_r_) - The average mass of a molecule compared to 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

• For simple covalent molecules, M_r is calculated by adding up the A_r values of all the atoms in one molecule.
• E.g. For ethanol (C₂H₅OH): M_r(C₂H₅OH) = (2 × A_r of C) + (6 × A_r of H) + (1 × A_r of O) = (2 × 12.0) + (6 × 1.0) + (1 × 16.0) = 24.0 + 6.0 + 16.0 = 46.0

Relative formula mass - Used for ionic compounds. It is calculated by adding up the A_r_ values of all the ions in one formula unit.

• E.g. For calcium fluoride (CaF₂): M_r(CaF₂) = (1 × A_r of Ca) + (2 × A_r of F) = (1 × 40.1) + (2 × 19.0) = 40.1 + 38.0 = 78.1

Calculating A_r_ from isotopic abundances

To calculate the relative atomic mass (A_r_) from isotopic abundances, use this formula:

$A_r=\frac{\text{ sum of (isotopic mass }\times \text{ isotopic abundance) }}{\text{ sum of abundance of all isotopes }}$

Worked example 1 - Calculating the relative atomic mass of chlorine from its isotopic abundances

Chlorine has two main isotopes, ³⁵Cl with an abundance of 75% and ³⁷Cl with an abundance of 25%.

Calculate the relative atomic mass (A_r_) of chlorine.

Step 1: For each isotope, multiply its relative mass by its percentage abundance.

• For ³⁵Cl: 35.0 × 75 = 2,625
• For ³⁷Cl: 37.0 × 25 = 925

Step 2: Add up all the values from step 1 to get the numerator of the fraction.

2,625 + 925 = 3,550

Step 3: Add up the abundances of all isotopes to get the denominator of the fraction. If abundances are percentages, this will be 100.

75 + 25 = 100

Step 4: Divide numerator by denominator to get A_r_.

${\text{A}}_{\text{r }}=\frac{\mathrm{3,550}}{100}=35.5$

Therefore, the relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35.5.

Worked example 2 - Calculating the relative atomic mass of magnesium from its isotopic abundances

Magnesium has three main isotopes: ²⁴Mg with an abundance of 79%, ²⁵Mg with an abundance of 10%, and ²⁶Mg with an abundance of 11%.

Calculate the relative atomic mass (A_r_) of magnesium.

Step 1: For each isotope, multiply its relative mass by its percentage abundance.

• For ²⁴Mg: 24.0 × 79 = 1,896
• For ²⁵Mg: 25.0 × 10 = 250
• For ²⁶Mg: 26.0 × 11 = 286

Step 2: Add up all the values from step 1 to get the numerator of the fraction.

1,896 + 250 + 286 = 2,432

Step 3: Add up the abundances of all isotopes to get the denominator of the fraction. If abundances are percentages, this will be 100.

79 + 10 + 11 = 100

Step 4: Divide numerator by denominator to get A_r_.

${\text{A}}_{\text{r }}=\frac{\mathrm{2,432}}{100}=24.32$

Therefore, the relative atomic mass of magnesium is 24.3.