Hydrocarbons - exam practice

4-methylbenzene-1,3-diamine

4-methylbenzene-1,5-diamine

2-methylphenyldiamine

4-methylphenyldiamine

delocalised π-electrons

carbon-carbon bonds that are all the same length

lower thermodynamic stability than molecules of 1,3,5-cyclohexatriene

greater thermodynamic stability than molecules of 1,3,5-cyclohexatriene

acts as a solvent for the benzene and the nitric acid

protonates the benzene to speed up the reaction

protonates the nitric acid which acts as a base

reacts with the benzene to form a benzenesulfonic acid intermediate

lithium aluminium hydride in ether

concentrated ammonia in ethanol

potassium dichromate(VI) in sulfuric acid

tin in concentrated hydrochloric acid

all three

only sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid

only hydrochloric acid

only sodium hydroxide

benzene ring is stabilised

induced dipole-dipole forces between benzene molecules are stronger than the hydrogen bonds between ethanol molecules

hydrogen bonds between benzene molecules are stronger than the hydrogen bonds between ethanol molecules

C-H bonds in benzene are stronger than the C-H bonds in ethanol

benzene to produce an electrophile

benzene to produce a nucleophile

chloromethane to produce a nucleophile

chloromethane to produce an electrophile

CH₃CH₂OH

CH₃CHO

CH₃COCl

CH₃COOH

electrophilic addition

electrophilic substitution

nucleophilic addition

nucleophilic substitution

$-150$

$-210$

$-360$

$-510$