Atomic radius increases down group 2

Atomic radius increases down group 2 because:

• More inner electron shells are added as you move down the group. This results in increased shielding of the outer electrons from the nucleus.
• As more shells are added down a group, the outermost electrons are found in higher energy levels and are on average further away from the nucleus.
• With the increasing shielding and increasing distance between the outer electrons and nucleus, the electrostatic attraction between the nucleus and outer electrons decreases down the group. This causes the atomic radius to increase.

Melting point generally decreases down group 2

The melting points of the group 2 elements mostly show a decreasing trend down the group, apart from an anomaly at magnesium (Mg).

In their pure elemental form, these metals have a crystalline structure of positive metal ions surrounded by a sea of delocalised electrons.

Melting points generally decrease down the group because:

• The ionic radius of the metal ion increases.
• This means the delocalised electrons get further away from the positive nuclei.
• This results in a weaker electrostatic attraction between the delocalised electrons and the positive nuclei.
• So the amount of energy needed to break the metallic bonds decreases. The magnesium anomaly occurs because it forms an unusually stable crystal structure.

Group 2 elements form 2+ ions

The alkaline earth metals readily form 2+ ions when they react, by losing their two outermost electrons.

This can be seen in their electron configurations:

The electrons in the outer s sub-shell are relatively weakly bound and are lost during reactions.

This loss of two electrons results in a stable noble gas electron configuration.

First ionisation energy decreases down group 2

Related to atomic radius, the first ionisation energy shows an overall decrease going down the group. This energy is a measure of the strength of electrostatic attraction between the outer electron and the nucleus.

Ionisation energy decreases down group 2 because:

• Nuclear charge - Increases down the group as more protons are added, increasing attraction for electrons.
• Atomic radius - Increases down the group as more electron shells are added, moving electrons away from nucleus.
• Electron shielding - Increases down group as more inner electron shells reduce nuclear attraction. The atomic radius and shielding effects down groups are greater than the nuclear charge effect, leading to an overall decrease in ionisation energies as you move down group 2.

Reactivity increases down group 2

The reactivity of group 2 metals increases as you move down the group from beryllium (Be) to radium (Ra). This trend is a result of the increasing atomic radius and electron shielding, which make it easier to remove the outermost electrons from the atom.

Consequently, the reactions of group 2 elements with water and oxygen become more vigorous as you descend the group.

Reaction with water

Reaction of a group 2 metal (M) with cold water produces a metal hydroxide and hydrogen gas:

M_(s) + H₂O_(l) ➔ M(OH)_2(aq) + H_2(g)_

Using calcium as an example:

• Ca_(s) + 2H₂O_(l) ➔ Ca(OH)_2(aq) + H_2(g)
• Calcium is oxidised from 0 to +2

The reactivity trend of the alkaline earth metals with water is shown below:

Reaction with oxygen

When a group 2 metal (M) burns in oxygen gas, a solid white oxide is formed:

2M_(s) + O_2(g) ➔ 2MO_(s)

Using calcium as an example:

• 2Ca_(s) + O_2(g) ➔ 2CaO_(s)
• Calcium is oxidised from 0 to +2
• Oxygen is reduced from 0 to -2