Aromatic Chemistry - exam practice

4-methylbenzene-1,3-diamine

4-methylbenzene-1,5-diamine

2-methylphenyldiamine

4-methylphenyldiamine

4

5

6

7

has significant covalent character

exists as a dimer in non-polar solvents

is an electron pair acceptor

is rapidly hydrolysed

delocalised π-electrons

carbon-carbon bonds that are all the same length

lower thermodynamic stability than molecules of 1,3,5-cyclohexatriene

greater thermodynamic stability than molecules of 1,3,5-cyclohexatriene

acts as a solvent for the benzene and the nitric acid

protonates the benzene to speed up the reaction

protonates the nitric acid which acts as a base

reacts with the benzene to form a benzenesulfonic acid intermediate

lithium aluminium hydride in ether

concentrated ammonia in ethanol

potassium dichromate(VI) in sulfuric acid

tin in concentrated hydrochloric acid

benzene ring is stabilised

induced dipole-dipole forces between benzene molecules are stronger than the hydrogen bonds between ethanol molecules

hydrogen bonds between benzene molecules are stronger than the hydrogen bonds between ethanol molecules

C-H bonds in benzene are stronger than the C-H bonds in ethanol

CH₃CH₂OH

CH₃CHO

CH₃COCl

CH₃COOH

electrophilic addition

electrophilic substitution

nucleophilic addition

nucleophilic substitution

$-150$

$-210$

$-360$

$-510$