Periodicity - exam practice

melting point decreases from lithium to carbon

boiling point decreases from fluorine to iodine

first ionisation energy decreases from lithium to caesium

first ionisation energy increases from nitrogen to oxygen

J²⁺_(g) ➔ J³⁺_(g) + e^–

J³⁺_(g) ➔ J⁴⁺_(g) + e^–

J_(g) ➔ J³⁺_(g) + e^–

J²⁺_(g) ➔ J³⁺_(g) + 3e^–

the changes in first ionisation energy from sodium to aluminium

the increase in electronegativity from sodium to aluminium

the increase in the A_r of the elements from sodium to aluminium

the increase in the number of outer electrons in each atom from sodium to aluminium

the nuclear charge of the elements increases

the outer electron is in an ‘s’ subshell

the repulsion between spin-paired electrons increases

the shielding effect of the inner shells increases

boron

calcium

magnesium

sodium

the attraction between the nucleus and the outer electron is greater in Na⁺ than in Mg⁺

the nuclear charge of Na⁺ is greater than that of Mg⁺

the outer electron of Na⁺ is more shielded than the outer electron of Mg⁺

the outer electron of Na is in the same orbital as the outer electron of Mg

sodium, magnesium, aluminium

magnesium, aluminium, silicon

aluminium, silicon, phosphorus

silicon, phosphorus, sulfur

increase across a period and increase down a group

increase across a period and decrease down a group

decrease across a period and increase down a group

decrease across a period and decrease down a group

Al

Si

P

S

N atoms have less repulsion between p-orbital electrons than O atoms

N atoms have a smaller nuclear charge than O atoms

N atoms lose an electron from the 2s subshell, while O atoms lose an electron from the 2p subshell

N atoms have an odd number of electrons, while O atoms have an even number

He⁺_(g) ➔ He²⁺_(g) + e^–

Li_(g) ➔ Li⁺_(g) + e^–

Mg⁺_(g) ➔ Mg²⁺_(g) + e^–

N_(g) ➔ N⁺_(g) + e^–

antimony

molybdenum

strontium

uranium

aluminium

silicon

sodium

sulfur

F^- O^2- Li⁺ Be²⁺

Li⁺ Be²⁺ O^2- F^-

Be²⁺ Li⁺ F^- O^2-

O^2- F^- Li⁺ Be²⁺

atomic radius

electronegativity

first ionisation energy

melting point

aluminium

phosphorus

silicon

sulfur

1,086; 2,353; 4,621; 6,223

900; 1,757; 14,849; 21,007

801; 2,427; 3,660; 25,026

578; 1,817; 2,745; 11,578